Vaccination: A Medical Prophylaxis and its Importance in Farm and     Companion Animals

   Vaccination: A Medical Prophylaxis and its Importance in Farm and     Companion Animals

                                                                       Bithika Halder*

*-Corresponding author, M.V.Sc. in Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences (W.B.U.A.F.S.), Kolkata.         

                                               Email: bithikahalder2018@gmail.com

 

Abstract:

This study shows the importance of vaccination in livestock as well as companion animals with vaccination schedule. Vaccines related with animals health is known as veterinary vaccines. Veterinary vaccines play a major role to protect animal health as well as public health, reduce animal diseases, enable efficient production of food animals to feed the expanding human population, and greatly reduce the need for antibiotics for treating food and companion animals. There are several diseases which are dreadful for animal population as well as human population by transmitting through animals.  The impact of veterinary vaccines can be seen in the following examples. Without rabies vaccine many people would not keep a pet in the household and failed to experience animal companionship. Rabies vaccine is an example of animal vaccine with successful impact which helps to eliminate human rabies. Zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis and leptospirosis would be much more prevalent without effective vaccines. Rinderpest vaccine is another example of the impact of successful animal vaccine which eradicate Rinderpest disease globally by Rinderpest Eradication Program. So vaccine is a great medical prophylaxis for animal as well as human health protection.

Keywords : Vaccine, importance of vaccination, vaccination schedule.

Introduction:

The word vaccination derived from Latin word vacca which means cow. The term ‘vaccination’ was first introduced by a British physician Edward Jenner known as father of immunology, who in 1796 used the cowpox virus to confer protection against smallpox, a related virus in human. Prior to it, principle of vaccination is applied by a Asian physician who used dried crust collected from the lesion of people suffering from smallpox to protect against the disease in children. In that case some develop the immunity and some cause disease. Jenner’s contribution was safer than it and exploited the relatively rare situation in which immunity to one virus confers protection against another diseases. In 1881 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur demonstrated immunization against anthrax by injecting sheep with a preparation containing attenuated  forms of the bacillus that causes the disease. Four years later he developed a protective suspension against rabies.

 

What is vaccination?

• Vaccine is a  suspension  of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms or toxinsor other biological preparation, consisting of antibodies, lymphocytes or messenger RNA (mRNA) is administered primarily to prevent diseases and the administration of vaccine is known as vaccination.
• Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. (Wikipedia).
• As per WHO (World Health Organisation) vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them
• According to OIE vaccination is administration of vaccines as per the instructions given by manufacturer with the intention of developing immunity in animal as well as human.

Fig 1. Vaccination against Brucellosis in a calf

 

 

 

Types of vaccines used in veterinary practice:

 

Types of vaccines	Advantages	Disadvantages
Live attenuated vaccine: Here the disease causing pathogens are attenuated by continuously passaging in different medium to remove the disease causing ability and develop the immunogenicity. This virulence reducing process is called attenuation. Eg. Sterne’s strain of Anthrax spore vaccine, Cotton strain 19 Brucella vaccine.	i)Produced both humoral and cell mediated imunity. ii)Good amount of IgG and IFN are produced. iii)Produced long term immunity and booster dose is not necessary.	i)Vaccine may cause diseases in stress condition and administration in wrong route. ii)Sensitive to improper  handling and storage. iii)Storage and transportation is difficult.
Killed attenuated vaccine : Inactive whole organism or portion of organism is used for stimulating immune response, combined with adjuvant like aluminium hydroxide to enhance the duration of antibody titre and immunity. Eg. HS vaccine	i)In stress condition there is no chances of infection. ii) Storage and transportation are easy.	i)IgG, IFN and cell mediated immune response are not satisfactory. ii) Long term immunity is not produced that’s why booster dose is necessary.
Sub unit vaccine: Instead of whole organism part component of organism like protein, sugar, capsid are used to develop strong immune response. Eg. VP-1 vaccine for FMD	i)Due to less undesirable effect the vaccine is safe and stable.	i)There is possibility of vaccine failure. ii)Cost of production is more.
Toxoids: After removal of toxicity from bacterial toxin by chemical or heat treatment, it is used to induce immunogenicity. Eg. Tetanus toxoid.	i)Vaccine will not cause infection and generate strong immune response.	i)It may cause severe allergy and neurological disorder.

 

Some others type of vaccines are also available such as adjuvant vaccine, recombinant vaccine, combine vaccine, markar vaccine.

 

Importance of veterinary vaccines:

1. For efficient and safe food production:

Veterinary vaccines are used in livestock and poultry to maintain animal health and to improve overall production as per growing population. . An FAO High-Level Expert Forum reported in September 2009 that in order to feed a projected world population of 9.1 billion people, the overall food production will need to increase by 70% between 2005/07 to 2050 [3]. So vaccines are important components in meeting this need by improving the animal health and production.

1. For controlling zoonotic diseases:

There are some major zoonotic diseases of animals such as Rabies, Brucellosis, Leptospirosis,                Influenza, Rift Valley fever, Nipah and Hendra, Japanese encephalitis, Q fever which can transmit from animals to human population.  Veterinary vaccines have had a major impact to reduce the incidence of zoonotic diseases in people.

• For Controlling of emerging and exotic diseases of animals and people:

Emerging and exotic diseases of both food and companion animals are a major threat to public health. It is inescapable that the world will continue to experience emerging disease outbreaks in the coming decades. Rapid development of animal vaccines can play a key role in controlling emerging diseases.

1. For reducing the need for antibiotics:

By preventing various infectious diseases and animal suffering veterinary vaccines reduce the need of antibiotics for treating of animals.

1. Control of diseases in companion animals:

Veterinary vaccines plays a important role to control different types of diseases in companion animal and helps to build a human-animal bond.

1. For Eradication of disease:

Rinderpest is a great example of a threatened animal disease with large public health impact which is eradicated globally by Rinderpest vaccine.

 

Vaccination schedule for different farm and companion animals with dosage, route of administration is given below:

Vaccination schedule for cattle and buffalo

 

Sl. No.	Name of disease	Name of vaccine	Type of vaccine	Age of animal during 1st dose	Booster dose	Subsequent dose	Dose and route of administration
1.	Foot and mouth disease (FMD)	FMD oil adjuvant vaccine	Polyvalent	After 4 months of age.	1 month after 1st dose	Six monthly	Adult- 10 ml i.m. Kid- 3 ml i.m.
2.	Brucellosis	Cotton strain-19 Brucella vaccine	Live	For only female calves	–	Once in lifetime	5 ml s.c.
3.	Anthrax	Anthrax spore vaccine	Live	After 6 months of age	–	Annually in endemic areas	1 ml s.c.
4.	Black Quarter (BQ)	Black quarter formalised	Killed	After 6 months of age	–	Annually in endemic areas	5 ml s.c.
5.	Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS)	Haemorrhagic septicaemia formalized	Killed	After 6 months of age	–	Biannually in endemic areas	5 ml s.c.
6.	Theileriosis	Theileriosis schizant vaccine	Live	Above 3 months of age	–	Once in a lifetime required only crossbed and exotic animals	3 ml s.c.
7.	Lumpy skin disease	Lumpy skin disease vaccine	Live	After 4 months of age	–	Biannually	2 ml s.c.
8.	Rabies	Antirabies vaccine (post bite)	Killed	Immediate after biting	0 ,3,7,14 and 28 days	–	1 ml s.c.

 

 Vaccination schedule for goat and sheep

  

Sl. No.	Name of disease	Name of vaccine	Type of vaccine	Age of animal during 1st dose	Booster dose	Subsequent dose	Dose and route of administration
1.	Peste des petits ruminants (PPR)	PPR vaccine	Live attenuated	After 3 months of age	–	Once in a year.	1 ml s.c.
2.	Enterotoxemia	Enterotoxemia ET vaccine	Killed	After 4 months of age	21 days later	Once in a year	2.5 ml s.c.
3.	Foot and mouth disease (FMD)	FMD vaccine	Polyvalent	After 6 months of age	3-4 weeks after 1st dose	Biannual.	3 ml s.c.
4.	Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS)	HS oil adjuvant vaccine	Polyvalent	After 3 months of age	3-4 weeks after 1st dose	Biannual.	2 ml s.c.
5.	Goat pox	Goat pox vaccine	Live	After 3 months of age	–	Once in a year.	1 ml s.c.
6.	Sheep pox	Sheep pox vaccine	Live	After 3 months of age	–	Once in a year.	1 ml s.c.
7.	Rabies	Antirabies vaccine (post bite)		Immediate after biting	0,3,7, 14 and 28 days	–	1 ml s.c.

 

Vaccination schedule for pig

Sl. No.	Name of disease	Name of vaccine	Type of vaccine	Age of animal during 1st dose	Booster dose	Subsequent dose	Dose and route of administration
1.	Foot and mouth disease (FMD)	FMD Vaccine	Cell culture	After 6 months of age	–	Biannual.	1 ml i.m.
2.	Swine Fever	Swine fever vaccine	Live	2 months of age	After 1 month of 1st dose	Biannual.	1 ml s.c.
3.	Porcine circovirus infection	Porcine circovirus vaccine	Recombinant	After 3 weeks of age	–	Biannual.	1 ml s.c

 

Vaccination schedule for broiler bird

 

Sl. No.	Name of vaccine	Type of vaccine	Age of 1st dose	Booster dose	Route of administration
1.	Marek’s disease	Live	1 day	–	i.m.
2.	Ranikhet disease	Live	5-7 days	28 days	Spray/ocular drop
3.	Infectious bronchitis	Live	28 days	–	Spray/drinking water
4.	Infectious bursal disease	Live	14 days	35 days	Spray/drinking water

 

Vaccination schedule for layer bird

 

Sl. No.	Name of vaccine	Type of vaccine	Age of 1st dose	Booster dose	Route of administration
1.	Marek’s disease	Live	1 day	–	i.m.
2.	Ranikhet disease	Live	5-7 days	1st booster-28 days 2nd booster- 8 weeks 3rd booster- 16-18 weeks	Spray/ocular drops/drinking water/s.c./i.m.
3.	Infectious bursal disease	Live	14 days	35 days	Drinking water
4.	Infectious bronchitis	Live   Killed   Killed	8 weeks	1st booster- 12 weeks 2nd booster- 16-18 weeks	Drinking water
5.	Infectious coryza	Killed	3 weeks	–	Drinking water
6.	EDS-76	Killed	16-18 weeks	–	Spray/drinking water
7.	ILT		16 weeks	–	i.m.
8.	Fowl pox	Live	42 day	–	i.m.

 

Vaccination schedule for dog

Sl. No.	Name of disease	Name of vaccine	Age during 1st dos	Booster dose	Subsequent dose	Dose and route
1.	Canine distemper, Infectious canine hepatitis , Canine parvovirus, canine parainfluenza, leptospirosis	DHPPiL	6-8 weeks	1st booster- 10-12 weeks 2nd booster- 12-16 weeks	Yearly.	1 ml, s.c.
2.	Rabies	Antirabies	3 months of age	–	Yearly

 

Vaccination schedule for cat

Sl. No.	Name of disease	Name of vaccine	Age during 1st dose	Booster dose	Subsequent dose	Dose and route of administration
1.	Feline viral rhinotrichititis,  calicivirus, panleukopaenia	FVRCP	6-8 weeks	1st booster- 10-12 weeks 2nd booster- 12-14 weeks	Yearly	1 ml, s.c.
2.	Rabies	Antirabies	3 months of age	–	Yearly	1 ml, s.c.

 

 

Provision should be maintained during vaccination programme:

1. For better efficacy deworming is advised before one week of vaccination.
2. Sick and prior to proper age animal should not be vaccinated.

• To avoid the unnecessary complications due to environmental stress vaccination should be done in early morning or in late evening.

1. For carrying or storing the vaccine cold chain should be maintained properly.
2. Manufacturing advice should be followed during vaccination.
3. Proper restraining of animal should be followed during vaccination for animal and vaccinator safety.

• Incase of each animal separate needle should be used during vaccination to avoid any possibility of disease transmission.
• Animal should be monitored for 30 minutes after vaccination.

1. Emergency medicine such as ant- inflammatory, corticosteroids, anti-histamine should be kept during vaccination.
2. In Late pregnancy animal should not be vaccinated.

 

 

Common adverse effects of vaccination:

Vaccination carries some risk of reaction, though adverse effects  that are very rare and mild. The most common reactions to vaccines include Pain and swelling at the site of administration, allergic reaction on skin, facial swelling, swelling of eye ball and ear, abortion. Systemic signs like fever, vomition, diarrhoea and sometimes collapse, anaphylaxis, shock and death.

Conclusions:

We know that so many people are dependent on animals in various ways for their livelihoods especially for economic and food source. That’s why it can be said that veterinary vaccines are important tool for protecting animal as well as human health, food safety, and food security and must be accessible and economical.

 

https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/prevention-and-control-of-dog-rabies-in-india/

References :

1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). High-Level Expert Forum – How to Feed the World in 2050: Global agriculture towards 2050 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/Issues_papers/HLEF2050_Global_Agriculture.pdf. Oct, 2009.
2. Importance of Vaccination in Veterinary Practice https://wp.me/pbYZMt-1Sl.
3. James A Roth (2011). Veterinary vaccines and their importance to animal health and public health. 1877-282X © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM). doi:10.1016/j.j.provac.2011.10.00.
4. Nilotpal Ghosh. Animal production, diseases and treatment (Bengali edition). 1^st edition 2002.
5. Emily K. Branson (2008). Vaccine: additional information. Contributor to SAGE Publication’s Encyclopedia of Epidemiology (2008) whose work for that encyclopedia formed the basis of her contributions to Britannica.
6. Vaccination https://g.co/kgs/jrKRPg
7. Wikipedia.
8. https://www.noah.co.uk/briefingdocument/vaccination-animal-health-overview/