Pet Birds Born Zoonosis: An Overview
The term “Pet bird “designates birds housed and bred for an exclusively ornamental use. This category includes mainly Passeriformes (e.g. canaries, finches, and sparrows) and psittaciformes (parrots, parakeets, budgerigars, love birds). It is important to remember that there are several pet bird diseases which can also make humans sick. Infection usually occurs when a person inhales dried droppings or nasal secretions from infected cockatiels, parakeets, and other parrot-like birds. These animals, however, are potential carriers and/or transmitters of zoonotic diseases. Some of them could have an important impact on human health, like chlamydophilosis, salmonellosis or even highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1. This review paper, although non exhaustive, aims at enlightening, by the description of several cases of bird-human transmission, the risks encountered by bird owners, including children.
Pet birds are cherished companions, bringing joy and companionship to households around the world. While the bond between humans and their feathered friends is undeniably special, it is essential to be aware of potential zoonotic risks associated with pet birds. Zoonosis refers to diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, and understanding these risks is crucial for ensuring the health and well-being of both pets and their owners. In this overview, we explore common zoonotic concerns associated with pet birds and practical measures to mitigate these risks.
Bacterial diseases
1. Avian Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium is the causative agent of avian tuberculosis is found worldwide. Affected birds usually have vague symptoms, such as loss of weight despite a good appetite, dull feather coloring, increase in urine output, diarrhea and anemia. The disease can spread through the air or through the feces from infected birds. In people, the disease causes respiratory infections, swelling of lymph nodes below the jaw and even widespread disease in people with weakened immune systems. This disease can be hard to treat in both birds and humans, and can be fatal for some.
2. Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacteriosis is caused by Campylobacter jejuni a gram negative, bacteria especially in psittaciforms (parrots) and passeriforms (finches and canaries). This bacterial organism lives in the small intestine and colon and may be isolated from clinically ill as well as clinically normal birds. Freeliving wild birds maintain and spread the disease by the fecal-oral route. Clinically ill birds develop hepatitis, lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss and yellow diarrhea. People may become ill from eating contaminated poultry and poultry products. People develop cramps, fever, diarrhea and headaches within 2 – 5 days of exposure. Pregnant wormen, debilitated individuals and the immuno-compromised are at the greatest risk.
3. Chlamydiosis
One of the most threatening zoonotic diseases transmitted by birds to humans is chlamydophilosis also known as chlamydiosis, ornithosis, psittacosis or parrot fever), caused by the intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci. Psittacine species are highly sensitive to this pathogen. The diseases can be transmitted to humans through feces and infectious particles in the air. In people, the disease causes flu-like symptoms of fever, chills and headache. If left untreated, Psittacosis can cause liver and kidney damage or even meningitis. Highly contagious, Chlamydiosis requires swift and vigorous antibiotic treatment as well as placing birds under quarantine to prevent the spread of infection.
Viral diseases
- Avian Influenza
Avian Influenza virus is a well-known and deadly zoonotic disease caused by highly pathogenic H5N1 strains. It is transmitted mainly through contact with the infected birds. Although pigeons are affected by bird flu it is not a common threat to captive pet birds. Waterfowl is the major host become infected and transmits the virus to other birds and people.
2. New Castles Disease
Newcastle disease is caused by an avian paramyxovirus-1 and can be seen in birds both wild and domestic. Transmission is mainly by aerosol but contaminated food, water and equipment can also transmit the infection within bird colonies. Pathogenic strains produce anorexia and respiratory disease in adult birds.Young birds often shows neurologic signs. In humans the disease is characterized by conjunctivitis, fever, and respiratory symptoms.
3. West Nile Fever
West Nile Fever is an emergent vector-borne zoonosis in which house sparrows play a key role as main and amplifying reservoir hosts. The virus responsible for this disease is a flavivirus (Flaviviridae). The virus is isolated from numerous passeriform species, including canaries, as well as psittacines. Most of the time Birds are sub-clinically affected, but can, however, develop a clinical form of the disease with ocular and neurologic symptoms. This virus is transmitted by arthropod vectors mainly mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens. In humans Virus mainly affects the central nervous system, and infection usually results in mild flu-like symptoms. However, in severe cases, infection with West Nile virus can be fatal.
Fungal diseases
- Histoplasmosis
It is an important systemic fungal disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and grows in soil and material contaminated with bat or bird droppings. Spores become airborne when contaminated soil is disturbed. Breathing the spore causes infection. Histoplasmosis basically is a pulmonary or respiratory disease, but may extend to the liver, lymph nodes, and spleen; it may disseminate to the blood and bone marrow and be fatal. The victim frequently has chills and fever to 105 degrees, night sweats, chest pains, and fatigued. The organism may lodge in the eye to cause ocular histoplasmosis.
2. Cryptococcus
The disease is caused by systemic pathogenic yeast called Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found worldwide. Though uncommon in pet birds, infection can cause diarrhea, paralysis, nervous-system signs and masses with a gelatinous consistency. Humans can contract this disease when they inhale the dust from dried droppings (most commonly from pigeons). Infection in people can be quite serious leading to meningitis, encephalitis (brain inflammation) or respiratory symptoms. Considering the major health impact on the population, including children bird-keepers should be aware that they can contract certain illnesses from their birds. The frequency of disease transmission from birds to humans is low, but the very young, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems should be cautious. Pet bird diseases with zoonotic potential should not be neglected or underestimated. Prevention of most of these diseases, therefore, simply involves proper hygiene and sanitation. Wearing a face mask to avoid inhaling bird dust is also recommended.
Common Zoonotic Concerns with Pet Birds
- Psittacosis (Parrot Fever):
- Causative Agent: Chlamydia psittaci.
- Transmission: Inhaling respiratory secretions or dried feces of infected birds.
- Symptoms in Humans: Fever, headache, chills, and respiratory issues.
- Salmonellosis:
- Causative Agent: Salmonella bacteria.
- Transmission: Direct contact with infected birds, their droppings, or contaminated surfaces.
- Symptoms in Humans: Gastrointestinal symptoms, fever, and, in severe cases, systemic infection.
- Cryptococcosis:
- Causative Agent: Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast-like fungus).
- Transmission: Inhalation of fungal spores found in bird droppings.
- Symptoms in Humans: Respiratory symptoms and, in severe cases, central nervous system involvement.
- Campylobacteriosis:
- Causative Agent: Campylobacter bacteria.
- Transmission: Handling infected birds or their environment.
- Symptoms in Humans: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and nausea.
- Avian Tuberculosis:
- Causative Agent: Mycobacterium avium complex.
- Transmission: Inhalation of airborne bacteria or direct contact with infected birds.
- Symptoms in Humans: Respiratory symptoms, fever, weight loss, and fatigue.
Mitigating Zoonotic Risks Associated with Pet Birds
- Routine Veterinary Care:
- Schedule regular check-ups with an avian veterinarian to monitor the health of pet birds and detect potential infections early.
- Hygiene Practices:
- Wash hands thoroughly after handling birds, cleaning cages, or handling bird-related items.
- Avoid touching the face, mouth, or eyes while interacting with pet birds.
- Isolation of Sick Birds:
- Immediately isolate any bird showing signs of illness and seek veterinary care promptly.
- Proper Cage Cleaning:
- Clean cages regularly, removing droppings and food debris.
- Disinfect cages and accessories using avian-safe disinfectants.
- Appropriate Diet:
- Provide a balanced and nutritious diet to maintain the overall health and immunity of pet birds.
- Responsible Handling:
- Handle pet birds responsibly, avoiding close contact with the face or mouth.
- Supervise interactions between birds and young children.
- Education and Awareness:
- Educate family members about the potential zoonotic risks associated with pet birds.
- Stay informed about the health status of pet birds through regular veterinary communication.
Conclusion
While the companionship of pet birds is immensely rewarding, it comes with the responsibility of understanding and mitigating potential zoonotic risks. By adopting appropriate hygiene practices, providing veterinary care, and staying informed about potential health concerns, pet bird owners can create a safe and enjoyable environment for both their feathered friends and their families. Responsible pet ownership, coupled with proactive measures, ensures that the bond between humans and pet birds remains a source of joy without compromising health and well-being.
Compiled & Shared by- This paper is a compilation of groupwork provided by the
Team, LITD (Livestock Institute of Training & Development)
Image-Courtesy-Google
Reference-On Request.
Zoonotic diseases associated with pet birds
Zoonotic diseases associated with pet birds
