ONE WORLD ONE HEALTH : PREVENT ZOONOSES, STOP THE SPREAD
Vishal Kumar Sinha*, Aakritee kumari
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-14
ABSTRACT–
It takes concerted efforts by government agencies in charge of both human and animal health to prevent zoonotic infections. There are various methods for building the structures required to promote intersectoral collaboration. We present three strategies for putting into practice programs for the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases. The first, rabies control in Ethiopia, was carried out through the use of an umbrella strategy, which is a comprehensive program intended to have an immediate effect. The second was a step-by-step implementation of a monkeypox program in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where activities and improvements were added to the program gradually. The third strategy, a pathogen discovery program, was implemented in Georgia with the aim of identifying and comprehending the ecology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of a novel zoonotic disease.
INTRODUCTION-
An integrated, cohesive strategy to balance and improve ecosystems, animal, and human health is known as “One Health.” It makes use of the intimate relationships and mutual reliance between these domains to develop novel techniques for disease prevention and surveillance.The interface between humans, animals, plants, and the environment is under growing pressure, which leads to the emergence of novel and increasingly complicated diseases. In many instances, manmade environmental changes—such as biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, and climatic hazards—have a direct correlation with infectious disease outbreaks. Transitioning from a global health perspective to an integrated “One Health” strategy is needed. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has demonstrated how environmental deterioration is a factor in the rising health hazards that society faces. The human coronavirus outbreak has brought attention to the need for more efficient, multidisciplinary, and well-coordinated operations. In addition, it is our shared duty to stop, anticipate, identify, and address risks to global health.The concept of One Health was created to acknowledge the connections between the health of people, animals, plants, and the environment. By integrating interconnected systems, this paradigm seeks to enhance the health and well-being of people, animals, plants, and the environment. It presents an intersectoral collaboration strategy aimed at accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) through system synergy. Three basic components make up a primary health care system: multi-sectoral policies that assist in addressing the different issues affecting people’s well-being; comprehensive, integrated services that are focused on giving individuals the best care possible. Additionally, it involves and gives communities and individuals the power to become more independent within the framework of environmental health. The goal of the One Health framework is to give primary care physicians a thorough grasp of systems techniques that may be used in a variety of clinical contexts. It broadens the definition of interprofessional communication by including ecological and animal health considerations. It is difficult to convince primary care physicians of the benefits of One Health, particularly since doing so will necessitate further training in zoonotic infectious illnesses, ecosystems, and animal interactions. For primary care physicians to acquire the One Health competences and meet the objectives of community healthcare, there must be cross-sector collaboration and communication.
ONE HEALTH STATUS IN INDIA :
All stakeholders in the Indian setting, including public health experts, veterinarians, healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers, are strategically beginning to place more emphasis on the One Health concept. While rabies and the bird flu pose a serious threat to human health in the nation, bovine tuberculosis is a big growing threat due to its increasing prevalence. Furthermore, as wild animals can transmit new zoonotic diseases, the One Health strategy should also consider wild zoonotic diseases. The agricultural, animal health, and human health sectors must integrate and work together for the One Health paradigm to be successfully implemented.
ZOONOSIS :
INTRODUCTION-
Rudolph Virchow is credited with coining the word “zoonosis,” which is typically used to describe an infectious disease or agent that has evolved to use humans as hosts when it would normally exclusively infect other animals. “Any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans” is how the World Health Organisation defines the same. In order to monitor such diseases and provide information for prevention and control, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (WHO), and the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) launched the Global Early Warning System (GLEWS) in 2006. Another institution whose goal is to stop the spread of zoonotic infections by using public health measures is the National Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID). Last but not least, a group called the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) was established in 2017 with the goal of creating vaccinations against diseases that may arise in the future. In the current pandemic, it has collaborated with GAVI, UNICEF, and WHO to establish the COVAX initiative, which aims to develop solutions to address disparities in the equitable economics of vaccine production, distribution, and administration. Since 61% of diseases afflicting humans have zoonotic origins, it is not unexpected that numerous worldwide organisations are dedicated to combating zoonotic infections.
TYPES OF ZOONOSIS– The etiologic agent of zoonoses can be classed as viral, bacterial, parasitic, mycotoxin, or unusual (prions). When evaluating potential possibilities for control methods, the principal epidemiological classification based on the zoonotic maintenance cycle is crucial. Four groups are created by this classification for the zoonoses.
- Direct zoonoses(also known as orthozoonoses)-These are spread via direct contact, contact with a fomites, or mechanical vector from an infected vertebrate host to a vulnerable vertebrate host. One vertebrate species, such as a swine or small ruminant for brucellosis, or a dog or fox for rabies, can spread a direct zoonosis in the wild.
- Cyclozoonosis– To finish the agent’s life cycle, cyclozoozoonoses need many vertebrate species, but no invertebrate host. Pentastomid infections and human taeniases are two examples.
- Metazoonosis-Theseare those that need both vertebrates and invertebrates to finish their infectious cycle. Metazoonosis include the infectious agent multiplying (propagative or cyclopropagative transmission) or simply developing (developmental transmission) within the invertebrate host; prior to transfer to a vertebrate host, there is always an extrinsic incubation time within the invertebrate host. Arbovirus infections, plague, Lyme borreliosis, and rickettsial diseases are a few examples.
- Saprozoonosis– Both an inanimate developmental location or reservoir and a vertebrate host are present in saprozoonosis. Developmental reservoirs include organic substances (soil, plants, food) and are regarded as non-animal. In most cases, direct infection is infrequent or nonexistent in this group of zoonoses. Listeria infection, erysipelothrix infection, and histoplasmosis are a few examples.
METHOD OF TRANSMISSION-
There are several methods that zoonoses can spread-
- by consuming tainted meat or food.
- by coming into intimate contact with an infected anima
- by touching a contaminated area or surface.
- by insect bites, such as those from ticks or mosquitos.
PREVENTION OF ZOONOSIS-
There are three main ways to prevent and control zoonotic diseases: taking precautions to protect humans directly, reducing or eliminating the illness in the animal reservoir, and using preventive measures. Humans are primarily protected directly from occupational diseases in rural areas, workplaces, and laboratories. Wearing protective gear, such as goggles and gloves, regular disinfection, suitable air filtration systems, vector management (e.g., bug or rodent), and water treatment are examples of preventive methods. Another important element of preventing zoonosis is health education, which covers healthy eating practices and good food cleanliness. Certain vaccinations against zoonotic infections, such the rabies vaccine for high-risk occupations (veterinarians, taxidermists, etc.) or the leptospirosis vaccination for sewage workers, may be appropriate. Controlling zoonoses in animals is a crucial objective of veterinary public health initiatives. The elimination of illness through the euthanasia of sick and infected animals should always take precedence. Only very select situations, such as anthrax cases in cattle, can warrant treating sick animals in a way that does not interfere with the screening process for further affected animals. Animal movements must be restricted, sick and diseased animals must be quarantined, infected flocks and herds must be tested and separated, and exposed animals must be vaccinated whenever safe vaccinations are available. Additionally, attention needs to be paid to hygienic management on the farm or in the slaughterhouse. To stop infectious agents from spreading to humans or animals that are not afflicted as well as to disease-free environments, vectors and vehicles must be controlled. Controlling the transmission of infection is crucial, particularly when it comes via the food chain, and requires destroying contaminated materials or goods. The transmission of zoonoses will be curbed or eliminated by rigorous disinfection of contaminated sites. For all zoonoses, especially pherozoonoses and saprozoonoses, constant pest and vermin control as well as good feeding practices are required. the unification of international and national laws and regulations as well as interagency collaboration supported by global institutions like the Food and Agricultural Organisation, the World Animal Health Organisation (Office International des Epizooties), and the World Health Organisation (WHO).
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