Post-parturient Haemoglobinuria
Dr. Rashmi1, Dr. Hemlata Chouhan2
1.Assistant Professor, Depatment of Veterinary Pathology
- Assistant Professor,Depatment of Animal Genetics And Breeding
College of Veteteinary and Animal Science, Jodhpur(RAJUVAS)
Abstract
Post-parturient hemoglobinuria is a non-infectious hemolytic metabolic disorder of buffalo and cattle characterized by intravascular hemolysis, anemia, and hemoglobinuria. It may be highly fatal, if not diagnosed rapidly and treated promptly. Clinically, PPH-affected buffalo had much lower ruminant movements than healthy ones, meanwhile their respiratory and pulse rates dramatically increased.
Keywords:Buffalo, Hypophosphatemia.
Synonyms: Hypophosphataemia, Red Water disease, Nutritional Haemoglobinuria
Introduction
Post-parturient hemoglobinuria is a sporadic metabolic disorder that affects high–yielding dairy cattle and buffalo all over the world (Purohit et al., 2018). This disorder is characterized by intravascular hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and anemia (Sharma et al., 2020). Post-parturient hemoglobinuria is not commonly observed in beef cattle compared to dairy cows (Rahmati et al., 2021). The primary cause for this disparity is the greater phosphate losses through milk in dairy cattle, especially during periods of low phosphorus intake (Macwilliams et al., 1982; Yadav et al., 2023).
Etiology:
- Deficiency of Phosphorus in diet :
- a) Forages grown on Phosphorus Deficient soil:
- Natural Deficiency in soil.
- Constant removal by cropping.
- Leaching by rains.
- Reduced availability due to extreme pH or high levels of AI, Fe,Ca, in soil.
- Drought conditions reduces ‘ P ’ content in the forage
- b) Heavy feeding on hemolytic or oxidative plant toxins(e.g Brassica spp , sugar beets, or green forage)and plants low in P(cruciferous plants & Barseem) may predispose to the case
- c) Impaired absorption:
- Vitamin ‘ D ’ Deficiency
- Improper Ca : P ratio
- Intestinal diseases – diarrhoea
- Ruminal stasis / dysfunction
- d) Increased requirement of phosphorus:
- Heavy drain of ‘ P ’ throudh milk ( 0.93 – 1 gm / kg ) in recently calved animals.
- Increased requirement for development of foetus during advance pregnancy.
- d) Very cold drinking water
- Normal function of Phosphorous:
- Intracellular functions(Glycolysis, o2 transport, muscle contractions)
- Cell membrane from oxidative damage.
- Demineralization of bone
- Pathogenesis:
Decreased phosphorus
↓
Inhibit the glycolytic pathway of RBCs
↓
Decrease glycolysis and ATP synthesis
↓
Altered structral and functional changes and increse fragility of RBCs
↓
Haemolysis and Haemoglobinuria
- Clinical signs:
- Partial to complete anorexia
- Marked drop in milk yield
- Temperature usually normal but
- heart rate is increased
- Tachycardia, loud heart sounds
- Rapid breathing in early stage and dysponea (anoxic anoxia) in later stages
- secondary ketosis
- Light to dark coffee coloured urine
- Pale mucous membranes with Jaundice is seen in very late stage of disease
- Usually have firm and dry faeces
- Death occur due to anaemic anoxia
Fig: PPH affected Buffalo.
- Treatment
- Phosphate therapy
- Vitamin C to reduce oxidative stress
- Anti-inflammatory medication
- Calcium borogluconate, magnesium, phosphorous, and dextrose
- Nicinamide, folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6, glycinated iron copper and cobalt, and vitamin E
- Fluid therapy
- Prevention & Control
- Mineral mixture @30-40gm/animal/day
- Preparation containing Ca, P & Vit. D
- Protect recently calved & advance pregnant animals from cold stress
- Do not have the access to kale, beets, turnips, alfa-alfa in excess while grazing in the pasture.
Conclusion
The current study reveals that PPH is a significant metabolic disorder affecting buffalo. PPH can cause many metabolic changes which has a detrimental influence on animal health and production. Identification of PPH-related metabolic changes may aid in determining the pathophysiology of the disease and developing an effective treatment plan.
References
Almubarak, M., Marzok, M., Almubarak, A., Elhawari, S., El-Khodery, S., & Elgioushy, M. (2023). Investigation on Post-parturient Hemoglobinuria (PPH) in Buffalo: A case Control Study. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research, 13(8), 1650-1656.
Macwilliams, P., Searcy, G., Bellamy, J.E., 1982. Bovine postparturient hemoglobinuria: a review of the literature. The Canadian veterinary journal 23, 309.
Purohit, G., Trilok, G., Amit, K., Atul, S., Mitesh, G., Chandra, S., 2018. Per-spectives of parturient hemoglobinuria (pph) in buffaloes. International Journal of Development Research 2, 23513-23520.
Rahmati, S., Aziz, A., Tawfeeq, M.M., Zabuli, J., Nazhat, S.A., 2021. Clinical features of post-parturient hemoglobinuria in dairy cattle and Buffaloes: A Review. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 11, 143.
Sarma, K., Saravanan, M., Kumar, P., Kumar, M., Jadav, R., Mondal, D., 2014. Influence on haemato-biochemical and oxidative indices of post parturient haemoglobinuric (PHU) buffalo. Buffalo Bulletin (December 2014) 3, 343-348 .
Yadav, A., Jhambh, R., Singh, Y., Kumar, S., 2023. Clinico-haematobio-chemical Profiling and Therapeutic Studies on Hypophosphatem-ic Dairy Buffaloes. Journal of Animal Research 13, 273-277.
