REARING GOAT AS AN STARTUP IN BIHAR ,Part-2
Sriniwash Singh, Secretary, Pashupalak Sangh, Jharkhand.
DISEASES AND TREATMENT:
Goat Disease:
Management of Goat disease is another important part of goat farming, you have to know the basic medicines for the goats. To decrease the mortality and increase the profitability of your goat farm.
There are some major goat diseases like PPR, Enterotoxaemia, Goat Pox, Haemorrhagic septicemia, Foot & Mouth Disease.
Care and management of Goats:
First of all, I will tell you to care and effective management is quite an important part of goat farming in Bihar. You have to spend time with goats you can’t leave your goat alone. You have to love your goat and provide proper treatment on time to generate profitability.
Separate the pen according to age and don’t overcrowd in each pen.
Feed colostrum to the kid under half an hour after birth.
Cut the naval 3 to 4 inch far and Apply Tincture iodine to avoid bacterial infection.
Feed milk to kids according to their weight.
Do Extra care and management for pregnant goat
Provide extra feed to a pregnant goat at the last month of pregnancy
Select the best breeding buck for the better upcoming flock
Spread the limestone powder every week in the pen.
Provide disinfected water to goats.
Deworm your goat pre or post-monsoon.
PPR (goat plague):
PPR (Peste des petits ruminants) is a most important viral disease of goat capable of heavy mortality and commonly called as goat plague.
Etiology
The causative virus was first thought to be an aberrant strain of rinderpest virus that had lost its ability to infect cattle. Later molecular studies showed that it was distinct from, but closely related to, rinderpest virus.
Clinical signs:
The clinical sign of PPR in goats is often fulminating and fatal although apparent infection occurs in endemic areas. Incubation period may range from 2-6 days in field conditions. In acute form, there is sudden onset of fever with rectal temperature of at least 40°- 41°C. The affected goats show dullness, sneezing, serous discharge from the eyes and nostrils. During this stage farmers often think that the animal has developed cold exposure and may attempt to provide protection for cold. In the process goats, may be congregated and accentuate the process of transmission. After 2-3 days, discrete lesions develop in the mouth and extend over the entire oral mucosa, forming diphtheric plaques.
During this stage profound halitosis (foul smell) is easily appreciable and the animal is unable to eat due to sore mouth and swollen lips. Latter ocular discharge becomes mucopurulent and the exudate dries up, matting the eyelids and partially occluding the nostrils. Diarrhea develops 3-4 days after the fever and is profuse and faeces may be mucoid or bloody depending upon the damage. Dyspnea and coughing occur later due to secondary pneumonia. Death occurs within one week of the onset of the illness.
Susceptible species and transmission:
Principally PPR is a disease of goats and sheep. Comparatively disease is more severe in goats than sheep. Kids >4 months and < 1 year of age are also most susceptible. In endemic areas, most of the sick and dying animals are >4months and up to 18 to 24 months of age. As per one report in captive wild ungulates, American white tail deer is experimentally susceptible. Role of wildlife in transmission is unknown. Cattle and buffalo can seroconvert but do not transmit disease. PPRV antigen has been detected in lions and camels. Pigs have no role in PPR epidemiology. The PPRV does not infect humans.
Close contact and confinement favours PPR outbreak. The Virus is present in ocular, nasal and oral secretions and faeces of sick animal (Figure 2). There is no known carrier state.
Transmission Cycle of PPR virus:
No conclusive information available if fomites play a role. Fine infective droplets are released into the air from these secretions and excretions, particularly when affected animals cough and sneeze are the source of transmission. Stress is considered as important factor in perpetuating the clinical disease such as transport stress, pregnancy, worm load, pre-existing diseases, etc. Oxidative stress parameters like decrease levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) also play role in disease pathogenesis. Appearance of clinical PPR may be associated with any of the following:
History of recent movement or gathering together of sheep and/or goats of different ages with or without associated changes in housing and feeding
Introduction of recently purchased animals
Contact in a closed/village flock with sheep and/or goats that had been sent to market but returned unsold
Change in weather
Change in husbandry (e.g. towards increased intensification) and trading practices
Pathogenesis and Clinical signs:
Pathogenesis of PPR virus is similar to that of rinderpest in cattle. Virus penetrates the retropharyngeal mucosa, sets up a viremia and specifically damages the alimentary, lymphoid and respiratory system. Death may occur from severe diarrhoea, sometimes hasten by concurrent diseases. Lymphoid necrosis is not so marked as in rinderpest and immunosuppression. This characteristic often makes affected goat succumb to diseases like contagious ecthyma or blue tongue post infection with PPR virus. Reproductive problems associated during the outbreak and post outbreak of PPR has been reported by researchers. PPR causes abortion in pregnant does and there is vulvo-vaginitis in female goats affected with PPR.
The clinical sign of PPR in goats is often fulminating and fatal although apparent infection occurs in endemic areas. Incubation period may range from 2-6 days in field conditions. In acute form, there is sudden onset of fever with rectal temperature of at least 40°- 41°C. The affected goats show dullness, sneezing, serous discharge from the eyes and nostrils. During this stage farmers often think that the animal has developed cold exposure and may attempt to provide protection for cold. In the process goats may be congregated and accentuate the process of transmission. After 2-3 days discrete lesions develop in the mouth and extend over the entire oral mucosa, forming diphtheric plaqu.
During this stage profound halitosis (foul smell) is easily appreciable and the animal is unable to eat due to sore mouth and swollen lips. Latter ocular discharge becomes mucopurulent and the exudate dries up, matting the eyelids and partially occluding the nostrils. Diarrhoea develops 3-4 days after the fever and is profuse and faeces may be mucoid or bloody depending upon the damage. Dyspnea and coughing occur later due to secondary pneumonia. Death occurs within one week of the onset of the illness.
Treatment and Control:
No specific treatment is recommended for ppr being viral disease. However, mortality rates can be reduced by the use of drugs that control the bacterial and parasitic complications. Specifically, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline are recommended to prevent secondary pulmonary infections. Lesions around the eyes, nostrils and mouth should be cleaned twice daily with sterile cotton swab. Our experience indicates that fluid therapy and anti-microbial such as enrofloxacin or ceftiofur on recommended doses along with mouth wash with 5% boro-glycerine can be of benefit in reducing the mortality during outbreak of ppr in goats. Health workers should inspect first the unaffected goats followed by treatment of affected goats. Immediate isolation of affected goats from clinically healthy goats is most importance measure in controlling the spread of infection. Nutritious soft, moist, palatable diet should be given to the affected goats. Provide parenteral energy infusion in anorectic goats along with appetizers.
Immediately measures should be taken for notification of disease to nearest government veterinary hospital. Carcasses of affected goats should be burned or buried. Proper disposal of contact fomites, decontamination is must. Vaccination is the most effective way to control ppr.
• Coccidiosis: It is found mainly in young kids. It is caused by coccidia parasite. The signs are diarrhoea, dehydration, rapid weight loss and fever.
Treatment: Biosol medicine is given to once in a day for about 5-7 days to get cure from coccidiosis. It can also be treated with Corid or Sulmet or Decox.
• Enterotoxaemia: It is also known as overeating disease. The symptoms are depression, loss of appetite, high temperature, convulsions or death.
Treatment: Yearly booster vaccination is given to prevent enterotoxaemia. Antitoxins of type C and D is given to treat this disease.
• Acidosis: It is mainly caused due to overeating of concentrated food. The symptoms are depression. Teeth grinding, muscle twitching, and swelling.
Treatment: Stop overfeeding and give soda bicarbonate (2-3oz) to treat the acidosis disease.
• Pregnancy toxemia: It is a metabolic disease. The symptoms are loss of appetite, sweet smelling breath, lethargy, etc.
Treatment: Propylene glycol is given twice a day along with water and sodium bicarbonate will help to treat toxemia.
• Ketosis: It is caused by ketones which causes lack of energy in the body. The symptoms are decreased milk production, off food and having sweet smelling breath.
Treatment: Drenching of glucose will help to cure ketosis.
• Johne’s disease: This disease affects the goat by loss the body weight, frequent diarrhea, emaciation and weakness. The disease mainly occurs when the goat is 1-2 years old.
Treatment: No appropriate test is made to detect Johne’s disease in early stage. Consult the vet for health checkup of the goat.
• Tetanus: It is caused by Clostridium tetani. The symptoms are stiffed muscles, breathing issues which ultimately result in death of animal.
Treatment: Penicillin antibiotic is given to cure disease and wound is washed with hydrogen peroxide.
• Foot rot: The symptom is lameness.
Treatment: it is cure by giving them bath of copper sulphate solution.
• Laminitis: It is caused due to overeating of high concentrated food. The symptoms are lameness diarrhoea, warm feet, toxemia etc.
Treatment: Phenylbutazone is given to get relief from pain and the feed having less protein or energy content is given to treat laminitis.
• Pneumonia: It causes infection on lungs and the symptoms are respiratory problems, runny nose and high temperature.
Treatment: Certain antibiotics are given to cure disease.
• CAE (Caprine arthritis-encephalitis): It is a virus and the symptoms are lameness, pneumonia, chronic cough and weight loss.
Treatment: Keep the infected goat away from the herd so that the disease can’t spread to other animals.
• Ringworms: It is mainly caused by fungus. The symptoms are thick skin, thin hairs, gray or white color crusty appearance on skin etc.
Treatment: Application of any one of these fungicidal solution will help to cure disease.
- 1:10 bleach
- O.5% Sulphur
- 1:300 Captan
- 1% Betadine
Application is done daily for 5 days and then weekly.
• Pinkeye: It is mainly spread through flies and is highly contagious.
Treatment: Wash the eyes with penicillin or oxytetracycline to get cure from pinkeye disease.
• WMD (White muscle disease): It is mainly caused in kids of age group 1week to 3months. The symptoms are respiratory problem, weakness, stiffness etc. it is mainly caused due to Vitamin E and Selenium deficiency.
Treatment: Vitamin E and Selenium is given to cure from WMD.
• Listeriosis: It is caused by Listeria monocytogenes during changed weather and during advanced stages of pregnancy. The symptoms are depression, fever, paralysis, abortions etc.
Treatment: in starting 3-5 days procaine penicillin is given after every 6 hours and then once in a day for 7 days.
• Mastitis: The symptoms are hot and hard udder, loss of appetite etc.
Treatment: Several antibiotics such as CD antitoxin, Penicillin, Nuflor, Banamine etc. are given to treat thi
Bottle jaw: It is caused by blood sucking worms. The symptoms are swollen jaw and abnormal color of jaw.
Goat Housing:
Housing is an important aspect of commercial goat farming in Bihar. If you are from a high rainfall area then you should go to an elevated shed otherwise there is not any problem in the ground floor shed.
Don’t overspend your money in the expensive shed in the beginning. Because goat farming requires 1 to 1.5 years to generate profit. Most of the people Leave this business midway. This is a simple and easy and profitable business.
Goat shed or house should be dry and hygiene all the time for the better comfortability of the goats.
The house should be well ventilated and the lime powder should be spread in every 15 days to disinfect the shed.
The Adult female goats required 10 sqft area in the shed 15 sqft open paddock area near the shed.
There should be enough feeder and waterer in the house of goats. Generally, 1 feeder is enough for 10 Goats.
Goat Feeds:
60% of cost spend only on Goat feed, try to minimize this cost. If you have your own land then grow your own Green, Dry and concentrated feed. If you grow our own concentrated feed then this business is like the gold mine.
The Green Fodder crops are Lucerne, moringa, cow pie, Napier, Berseem, Gwar, etc.
The concentrated feed crops are Makka, Jwar, wheat, oats. This all Fodder are best Suited for goat farming in Bihar and also climate-friendly for Bihar state
Give 250 g of concentrate feed per day to the adult goats. A better feed to the goats will give you better results. The goat feed should be concentrated in the morning, Dry fodder in the midday and green fodder in the evening.
Concentrated feed formula (100 kg)
Ingredients Weight in Kg
Maize/wheat/Millet 30
Gram 17
Soy or Groundnut Cake 30
Wheat Bran 20
Mineral Mixture 2
Salt 1
Total 100 Kg
The mineral mixture is quite important for the commercial or stall feeding goat farming. It completes the mineral requirement of the goat and helps to enhance the productivity of goats.
Conclusion:
Goat farming can be done in Bihar from ancient times, but now it is shifted to stall feeding Goat farming for commercial purpose. The farming required little investment to start and any person can start with a low cost or (10+1) unit depending on your investment how much money do you have otherwise you can take out a loan. Goat farming in Bihar has a very good scope and it can become a money-making machine if done in the right way. Goat is a friendly animals. They take limited space & limited feed to live compared to other livestock. It also gives you maximum returns in a limited interval of time.
Tips to Raise Goats & make Maximum Profit:
Read and do proper research and planning on how to raise goats.
Maintain good and strong health of your goats.
Choose the right and high productive goat breeds for your business.
Learn more about goat farming business from the nearest livestock training center or expert producers.
Goats like to live in groups. Hence, ensure a big area so that they can roam freely.
There should be availability of all equipments which are essential for goat farms.
Make sure a well bred conduct, to produce better milk, meat and to keep the goat free from diseases.
As per their daily demand, give them sufficient clean water, food and fresh grasses.
Never feed goats with contaminated food or polluted water.
Take extra care to the pregnant doe, breeding buck and kids.
Feed the buck extra nutritious food during the period of mating.
To improve your goat’s health contact visit a veterinarian regularly (if it’s possible).
During the summer season, provide them salt and mineral with a lot of water.
Keep them away from cold and rain to avoid mass death.
Although, there are some risk in every business. But, taking proper care and good management can ensure better production and high profit. Goat farming can be concluded as a traditional, profitable, risk-less and very easy business because of its multi-utility and fast growing rate. They are also used as a tool for poverty reduction and play a crucial role in the economic growth of a country.
Reference-On request.
