All for 1 : One Health for all

All for 1 : One Health for all

Barbaile Ashvin¹, Renu singh², Himani Pandey¹

¹M.V.Sc. Scholar, ²Assistant Professor

Department of Veterinary Pathology,

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,

DUVASU, Mathura- 281001, UP, India

                                                                  Abstract

In our interconnected world, the One Health concept is crucial for addressing complex health challenges spanning humans, animals, and the environment. “All for One, One Health for All” underscores the interdependence of these domains, tracing its roots to pioneers like Bourgelat, Virchow, Osler, and McFayden. Recent global threats like COVID-19 highlight its significance. One Health encompasses human, animal, and environmental health, with factors like clean water, nutrition, and pathogens impacting human health. Animals can serve as disease reservoirs, evident in cases like Ebola and avian influenza. Environmental conditions, such as deforestation and pollution, affect both human and animal health. Education, from professional training to public awareness, is vital for One Health advancement. Veterinarians play a pivotal role, bridging medicine, animal health, and environmental science. They contribute to disease surveillance, food safety, wildlife conservation, and more. Despite progress, challenges like interdisciplinary coordination, data integration, and resource allocation persist. Overcoming these hurdles is essential for a healthier, sustainable future.

In conclusion, One Health is indispensable for tackling global health challenges. Recognizing the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health is key to protecting all living beings on Earth. Continued collaboration, education, and investment are essential for a brighter future.

Key words: One Health, Zoonotic diseases, Comparative medicine, Environmental health, Disease surveillance, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Biodiversity conservation,  Wildlife health and conservation, Ecosystem health, Disease dynamics, Public health education, Environmental conservation, Interdisciplinary coordination

Understanding One Health:

In an increasingly interconnected world, the notion of “One Health” has risen in prominence as a crucial framework for addressing the intricate health challenges confronting humanity. “All for One, One Health for All” embodies the concept that the well-being of humans, animals, and the environment is intricately intertwined. This comprehensive approach strives to enhance the welfare of all living beings on Earth by acknowledging the interdependencies among the health of individuals, animals, ecosystems, and the broader global community. The One Health concept is not a novel idea, although it is rebranded several time, its origin lie in comparative medicine the concept there is no line between humans and animals when it comes to health and disease. Even while establishing first veterinary college in Lyon, France in 1761, Claude Bourgelat emphasized the importance of comparative biopathology. Later on, Rudolph Virchow, William Osler, and John McFayden advanced this idea by incorporating veterinary perspectives into human healthcare through their respective contributions in comparative medicine, veterinary pathology, microbiology, and veterinary and medical education (Monath et al. 2010). Schwabe and Steele coined the phrase “One World, One Medicine, One Health” to describe their interdisciplinary efforts (Monath et al. 2010). Notably in this early work in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ecologists and environmental health experts were missing. Although the pioneers of the One Health concept acknowledged the vital role of environmental factors in the well-being of humans and animals, they did not place enough emphasis on the value of environmental health for the benefit of the ecosystem itself.

In 2004, partially driven by a sequence of themed conferences that commenced in 1999 and were arranged by the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine with the theme “Collaborating to advance global health,” the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) hosted a conference cantered on One World-One Health. During this conference, the WCS broadened the One Health concept to encompass the health of ecosystems. The WCS outlined a set of 12 recommendations aimed at establishing a more comprehensive approach to preventing epidemic/epizootic diseases and preserving the integrity of ecosystems. This approach benefits not only humans and their domesticated animals but also the fundamental biodiversity that sustains us all. This series of recommendations has become known as the Manhattan Principles in recognition that the meeting was hosted by the Rockefeller University in New York. One Health Initiative Taskforce Report from the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) provides a definition of One Health as the “collaborative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to achieve optimal health for people, animals, and our environment” (AVMA, 2008). Meanwhile, the European Union (EU) has embraced the following interpretation: “Enhancing health and well-being by (i) preventing risks and mitigating the impacts of crises originating at the intersection of humans, animals, and their various environments, and (ii) advocating for a cross-sectoral, collaborative, ‘whole of society’ approach to health hazards as a systemic shift in risk management perspective.” This EU definition aligns with the approach adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Conversely, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) adhere to a narrower definition, concentrating on zoonotic threats.

But significance of one health has become more evident in recent years, But it gained formal recognition in the mid-20th century with the emergence of zoonotic diseases (diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans) especially in light of the disease such as COVID-19.  Concept of “One Health” has emerged as a vital framework for addressing the complex health challenges facing our interconnected world. “All for One, One Health for All” encapsulates the core idea that the well-being of humans, animals, and the environment is intricately linked. This comprehensive approach recognizes the interdependencies among individual health, animal health, ecosystems, and the global community. The three key facets of One Health—human health, animal health, and environmental health—are deeply interconnected. Factors such as access to clean water, nutrition, and exposure to pathogens significantly influence human health. Animals, both domesticated and wildlife, can serve as reservoirs for diseases that can jump to humans. Environmental conditions, including deforestation and climate change, can disrupt ecosystems and contribute to disease transmission.

Human Health: Factors like the environment, access to clean water, nutrition, and exposure to pathogens profoundly influence human health. Diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19 underscore the susceptibility of human populations to health threats that often originate in animals or are exacerbated by environmental conditions.

Animal Health: The well-being of animals is pivotal for sustaining agriculture, ensuring a food supply, and curbing the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Animals can act as reservoirs for pathogens that can leap to humans, as evidenced by diseases like Ebola and avian influenza.

Environmental Health: The condition of our environment, encompassing ecosystems and biodiversity, exerts a direct impact on both human and animal health. Actions like deforestation, pollution, and the effects of climate change can disrupt ecosystems, heightening the risk of diseases spreading to new hosts.

Key elements of One Health

1.Disease Surveillance and Early Warning Systems: One Health emphasizes the importance of robust surveillance systems to monitor the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems. This enables early detection of potential threats and timely response to prevent the spread of diseases.

2.Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The misuse of antibiotics in both human healthcare and agriculture has led to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. One Health recognizes the need to address AMR collaboratively to ensure the continued effectiveness of antibiotics for both humans and animals.

3.Biodiversity Conservation: The loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction can increase the risk of zoonotic diseases jumping from animals to humans. Protecting ecosystems and preserving biodiversity is a critical aspect of One Health.

4.Food Safety: One Health principles extend to food safety, emphasizing the need for safe and sustainable food production. Ensuring that the animals we raise for food are healthy and well cared for is essential for preventing disease transmission.

Snapshot of past 10-year one health achievements

Control of infectious diseases

The inception of the One Health concept was driven by a sense of urgency and apprehension. In 2004, the world was gripped by a global fear that a zoonotic disease known as HPAI H5N1 could potentially trigger a devastating pandemic in the human population. This looming threat was seen as a formidable adversary, with the potential to rival, and perhaps even surpass, the grim toll of approximately 50 million human lives lost during the Spanish influenza pandemic that occurred at the close of the First World War (Gibbs 2005).

It was against this backdrop of heightened concern that the One Health initiative emerged. This initiative offered a platform for international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank to engage in collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts to combat the looming menace of emerging zoonotic diseases. It paved the way for these global entities and national authorities to convene as equal partners, pooling their expertise and resources to confront the grave threats posed by the highly virulent HPAI H5N1 influenza strain.

The international response to avian influenza took flight in January 2006 within the framework of One Health. This endeavour was launched during an international ministerial and pledging conference held in Beijing, jointly hosted, organized, and sponsored by the Chinese government, the European Commission, and the World Bank. This significant event marked the commencement of coordinated efforts involving key political actors, including the European Union (EU), the United States, and the United Nations. Over the subsequent five years, these entities collaborated closely to combat avian influenza. A series of international ministerial conferences convened in Bamako, New Delhi, Sharm El-Sheikh, and Hanoi, further solidifying global cooperation in the fight against the disease.

As a follow-up to these meetings, in 2010, the World Bank published a comprehensive framework outlining strategies for controlling animal influenzas by applying One Health principles (World Bank 2010). During the period from 2005 to 2009, the international community pledged a staggering 4.3 billion US dollars towards the global efforts to control HPAI. The success of the One Health collaboration in controlling HPAI H5N1 served as a testament to the value and effectiveness of this concept.

The global effort to control rabies serves as a compelling illustration of a One Health challenge that has garnered renewed attention and interest. In 2011, a significant milestone was reached when a memorandum of understanding was signed to facilitate increased collaboration in the realm of One Health. This agreement was forged between the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).

In November 2013, both partners came together to organize a symposium bearing the title ‘One Health: Rabies and Other Disease Risks from Free-Roaming Dogs.’ During this pivotal event, the OIE and WSAVA championed the utilization of public-private partnerships as a means to implement effective prevention and control strategies for rabies. Their collective effort was aimed at addressing the multifaceted challenge posed by this devastating disease.

In a close and productive collaboration with major donor organizations, the OIE took a proactive step by establishing regional vaccine banks. These vaccine banks have been instrumental in supporting the global battle against rabies, ensuring a ready supply of vaccines for use in affected regions. The WSAVA’s One Health Committee has made rabies its primary focus and has already initiated impactful actions. An example of this is the launch of a dog collar and wristband campaign, which took place the previous year. This campaign is an integral part of an ongoing rabies control program in Africa. Furthermore, through its charitable foundation, the WSAVA Foundation, the association is providing valuable support to Mission Rabies. This project, led by Worldwide Veterinary Services, is dedicated to the ambitious goal of eliminating rabies in select regions of India. By collaborating with these organizations and fostering cross-disciplinary partnerships, the global community is taking substantial steps towards combating rabies and preventing its devastating impact on both human and animal populations.

One health in education:

The essence of One Health lies in fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and its success hinges on having a well-educated workforce proficient in its principles and applications. One Health education can be categorized into two main groups: education for those already active in relevant professional fields and education for students aspiring to gain professional qualifications in one of these disciplines. Fortunately, there are numerous outstanding opportunities available for One Health training.

1. Continuing Education for Professionals:

One Health offers opportunities for professionals already established in their careers to expand their knowledge and skills. This can include veterinarians, physicians, environmental scientists, and public health experts who seek to enhance their understanding of the interconnectedness between human, animal, and environmental health.

The organization of international, regional, and national conferences, symposia, and workshops dedicated to One Health is a testament to the growing recognition of the importance of this approach in addressing complex health challenges. Here’s some additional information about these significant events:

First International Congress on One Health (2011 – Australia): This inaugural congress, held in Australia in 2011, marked a crucial milestone in the promotion of the One Health approach. Attended by hundreds of professionals, it provided a platform for experts from various fields to come together, share knowledge, and discuss strategies for implementing One Health principles. The conference likely featured presentations on topics such as zoonotic diseases, environmental health, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Second International Congress on One Health (2013 – Thailand): The second international congress, held in Thailand in 2013, continued to build upon the momentum generated by the first congress. It further emphasized the need for collaboration among professionals in human health, animal health, and environmental science. Attendees likely discussed emerging health threats, global health security, and the interconnectedness of health.

Third International Congress on One Health (2015 – Amsterdam, Planned): The announcement of a third international congress scheduled for 2015 in Amsterdam demonstrates the continued commitment to the One Health approach. This upcoming event likely aimed to consolidate the progress made in the previous congresses and explore new avenues for collaboration and research. The conference would have likely attracted a diverse range of professionals from around the world.

These international congresses serve several important purposes:

• Knowledge Exchange: They provide a platform for experts to share their research findings, experiences, and best practices related to One Health.
• Networking: Professionals from various backgrounds can connect, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and partnerships.
• Education and Advocacy: These events help educate professionals, policymakers, and the public about the principles and benefits of One Health, further promoting its adoption.
• Agenda Setting: The congresses can shape the global agenda on health, environmental sustainability, and policy development, especially in the context of emerging infectious diseases and other health challenges.

Since these events took place in the early 2010s, it’s likely that more such conferences and gatherings have occurred in subsequent years, given the continued relevance and urgency of One Health in addressing contemporary global health issues. The One Health approach remains crucial in our efforts to combat infectious diseases, mitigate the impact of environmental factors on health, and promote a more interconnected and sustainable approach to healthcare.

1. Undergraduate and Graduate Programs: students pursuing professional careers in fields like veterinary medicine, human medicine, public health, ecology, and environmental science, educational institutions offer programs that emphasize One Health principles. These programs equip future professionals with a holistic perspective on health.

• The OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) has played a pioneering role in acknowledging the importance of integrating the principles of One Health into veterinary education. Since 2009, the organization has taken the initiative to host three global conferences dedicated to discussing the necessary restructuring of veterinary school curricula in response to evolving patterns in global trade and disease transmission.
• In these conferences, experts and stakeholders in veterinary education explored ways to adapt and modernize curricula to better address the complex challenges posed by the interplay between human, animal, and environmental health. These conferences served as platforms for sharing innovative ideas and best practices in veterinary education, ensuring that graduates are equipped with the knowledge and skills to address contemporary global health issues effectively.
• One significant outcome of these efforts was the publication of guidelines by the OIE in September 2013. These guidelines outlined a core curriculum for veterinary education, and notably, they explicitly included the integration of One Health principles. This recognition underscored the importance of preparing future veterinarians to work collaboratively across disciplines and understand the interconnected nature of health.
• By incorporating One Health into the core curriculum, the OIE not only acknowledged the significance of this approach but also set a global standard for veterinary education. This move reflects a commitment to producing a new generation of veterinarians who are well-prepared to tackle emerging challenges in public health, zoonotic disease prevention, and ecosystem health. It aligns with the organization’s broader mission of safeguarding animal health and welfare while addressing global health concerns in a comprehensive and interdisciplinary manner.

Interdisciplinary Workshops and Seminars:

• One Health workshops and seminars provide a platform for professionals and students to collaborate and learn from each other. These events often feature experts from various disciplines, fostering an environment of shared knowledge and expertise.

Online Learning Resources:

• The digital age has made it possible to access One Health resources from anywhere in the world. Online courses, webinars, and educational platforms offer a flexible and convenient way for individuals to engage with One Health concepts.

Collaborative Research Projects:

• Many research projects in the field of One Health involve collaboration between professionals from different backgrounds. Engaging in such projects can be a hands-on way for both students and established professionals to apply One Health principles.

Professional Organizations and Networks:

• One Health-related professional organizations and networks provide resources, conferences, and networking opportunities. These organizations often play a crucial role in advancing One Health education and practice.

Government Initiatives:

• Governments in various countries recognize the importance of One Health and may support educational initiatives, scholarships, and research grants to promote interdisciplinary training in this field.
• while the primary focus of One Health has been on professional and student education, there is a growing recognition of the need to educate the general public. Public education efforts can promote a broader understanding of the One Health approach, encourage responsible behaviors, and ultimately contribute to the well-being of individuals, animals, and the environment.

Role of veterinarian in one health concept:

Veterinarians play a pivotal role in the One Health concept, as they are uniquely positioned to bridge the gap between human medicine, animal health, and environmental science. Their expertise in the health of animals, understanding of zoonotic diseases, and knowledge of ecosystems make them key contributors to interdisciplinary efforts aimed at safeguarding the health of all living beings. Here is some information about the role of veterinarians in the One Health concept, along with references to relevant sources:

Disease Surveillance and Detection:

• • Veterinarians are trained to monitor and detect diseases in animal populations, which can serve as early warning systems for potential human health threats.
  • They can identify emerging zoonotic diseases, such as avian influenza or West Nile virus, and collaborate with public health officials for timely intervention (Source: Zinsstag et al., 2011).

Preventing Zoonotic Diseases:

• • Veterinarians can implement preventive measures in animals to reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission to humans. For example, vaccination of pets and livestock against rabies helps protect both animal and human health (Source: Rupprecht et al., 2008).

Understanding Disease Dynamics:

1. • Veterinarians study the epidemiology of diseases in animal populations, including transmission pathways and risk factors. This knowledge contributes to a deeper understanding of disease dynamics (Source: Gibbs, 2014).
2. Food Safety:
   • Veterinarians play a vital role in ensuring food safety. They inspect and regulate food production facilities, monitor livestock health, and help prevent the spread of foodborne pathogens (Source: World Health Organization – WHO, 2007).
3. Wildlife Health and Conservation:
   • Veterinarians work in wildlife conservation efforts, monitoring the health of wildlife populations and investigating disease outbreaks that may impact ecosystems and humans (Source: Wildlife Conservation Society).
4. Ecosystem Health:
   • Veterinarians contribute to the assessment of ecosystem health by studying the interactions between wildlife, domestic animals, and the environment. This is crucial for understanding the spread of diseases in complex ecosystems (Source: Machalaba et al., 2017).
5. Antimicrobial Stewardship:
   • Veterinarians promote responsible use of antibiotics in animals to mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance, a global health concern (Source: American Veterinary Medical Association – AVMA).
6. Public Health Education:
   • Veterinarians engage in public health education by raising awareness about zoonotic diseases, pet health, and the importance of responsible pet ownership (Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC).
7. Research and Data Sharing:
   • Veterinarians conduct research on a wide range of health-related topics, contributing to the body of knowledge that informs One Health efforts. They also share data and collaborate with professionals from other fields (Source: One Health Initiative).

The role of veterinarians in One Health is multifaceted and critical to addressing emerging infectious diseases, protecting public health, and promoting sustainable ecosystems. Their expertise and collaboration with professionals in human medicine and environmental science are essential for the successful implementation of the One Health approach.

Future Challenges in one health approaches:

Concerns of effective implementation of one health concept not only limited to veterinary professions n (Okello and others 2011, Zinsstag and others 2011, Gibbs and Gibbs 2013, Häsler and others 2012), medical professions (Atlas 2013) and wildlife specialist (Rostal and others 2012) and environmentalists (Preston and others 2013) but also health policy analysts, social scientists, and humanities scholars also have been identified as similar concern.Implementing the One Health approach presents several future challenges due to its interdisciplinary and collaborative nature. Here are some key challenges and references for further exploration:

Interdisciplinary Coordination: Coordinating efforts across diverse disciplines, such as human health, animal health, and environmental science, remains a challenge. Effective communication and collaboration are essential (Kahn, 2017).

Data Integration: Integrating data from multiple sources, including human, animal, and environmental surveillance, can be complex. Developing standardized data-sharing mechanisms is critical (Vandersmissen et al., 2018).

Capacity Building: Building the capacity of healthcare professionals, veterinarians, and researchers in One Health principles and practices requires ongoing investment and education (Khan et al., 2019).

Policy and Governance: Developing and implementing policies that support One Health initiatives at the national and international levels can be challenging. Overcoming regulatory barriers and fostering political will are crucial (Lee et al., 2018).

Public Awareness: Raising public awareness and engagement in One Health is an ongoing challenge. Effective communication strategies are needed to convey the importance of this approach (Rüegg et al., 2017).

Resource Allocation: Allocating funding and resources for One Health initiatives can be competitive, and securing sustained financial support is necessary for long-term success (Gebreyes et al., 2014).

Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks to assess the impact of One Health programs is essential for accountability and improvement (Häsler et al., 2012).

Benefits of one health:

Implementing the One Health approach offers a wide range of benefits that can positively impact human, animal, and environmental health. Here are some key benefits, along with references for further exploration:

Improved Disease Surveillance and Early Warning: One Health enhances surveillance of zoonotic diseases, enabling early detection and response to potential outbreaks (Zinsstag et al., 2012).

Enhanced Control of Zoonotic Diseases: A coordinated approach to disease control across species boundaries can reduce the transmission of zoonotic diseases, protecting both human and animal populations (Taylor et al., 2001).

Resilient Food Systems: One Health strategies support the safety and sustainability of food production systems by addressing issues like foodborne pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (Grace, 2015).

 

Environmental Conservation: The One Health approach helps preserve ecosystems by considering the impact of human activities on wildlife habitats and biodiversity (Myers et al., 2013).

Economic Benefits: One Health investments can lead to significant economic returns by preventing disease outbreaks and reducing healthcare costs (World Bank, 2017).

Innovation and Research: Collaboration across disciplines fosters innovation and advances research in areas such as diagnostics, vaccines, and treatment modalities (Lebov et al., 2017).

Global Health Security: One Health contributes to global health security by mitigating the risks of emerging infectious diseases with pandemic potential (Gibbs et al., 2014).

Human-Animal Bond and Well-being: One Health fosters responsible pet ownership, improving the health and well-being of both animals and their human companions (Dheilly et al., 2018).

These benefits underscore the holistic and integrated nature of the One Health approach, emphasizing the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health for the betterment of all. Further research and continued implementation of One Health strategies are essential to maximize these advantages.

Conclusion:

One Health education is crucial to the approach’s success. Professionals can engage in continuing education, attend interdisciplinary conferences, and participate in collaborative research. Veterinary education, in particular, has seen significant advancements, with global conferences and core curriculum guidelines emphasizing One Health principles.However, several future challenges loom in the implementation of One Health. These include interdisciplinary coordination, data integration, capacity building, policy and governance, public awareness, resource allocation, and monitoring and evaluation.Despite these challenges, the benefits of One Health are substantial. It improves disease surveillance, enhances control of zoonotic diseases, ensures resilient food systems, supports environmental conservation, offers economic benefits, fosters innovation, and contributes to global health security.In summary, One Health is an indispensable approach for addressing complex health challenges in our interconnected world. By recognizing the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health, we can better protect the well-being of all living beings on Earth. Continued collaboration, education, and investment in One Health are essential for a healthier, more sustainable future.

The “All for One” aspect of the One Health approach emphasizes collaboration among various sectors, including healthcare, veterinary medicine, environmental science, and policymakers. It recognizes that to effectively address health challenges, we must break down silos and work together seamlessly.

References:

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ONE HEALTH APPROACH: THE NEED OF THE HOUR