Blood Group and Blood Transfusion in Different Species Animals: An Overview

December 6, 2022

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Blood Group and Blood Transfusion in Different Species Animals: An Overview

Susmita Majumder¹, Santanu Nath²

What is blood group?

Earlier concept: Blood group depends on only surface antigen of erythrocyte.
Modern concept: Blood group depend on antigen of red cells, white cells, Platelets, tissue cells & difference of blood group depend on Hb, albumin ,globulin & various erythrocytes in blood.

Discovery:

Bordet (1896) showed why RBCs are clumped and subsequently lysed by serum of different animal species.
Karl Landsteiner (1900) discovers blood group ABO & naturally occurring anti A & anti B in man.
Eharlich & Morgenroth (1900) with the aid of immunization discover no. of individual varieties of goat blood.

Blood group antigens:

Different blood group antigens arranged in more or less mosaic structure on the cell surface. They are classified by hereditary studies &belonging to all blood group system are represent each red cells.
Blood group antigen detected as soluble substance in blood plasma, saliva, milk, gastric juice, seminal fluid, ovarian cyst fluid.
Blood group antigens are glycoprotein, glycolipid and carbohydrate.
It is likely that blood group gene control the formation or functioning of specific glycosyl transferase enzyme that add sugar unit from a donor substrate to the carbohydrate chain.
Antigen specificities reside in carbohydrate portion.
If blood group antigen injected in suitable organism, they form Ab.
Ag-Ab reaction helps in distinguishing blood group.

Serological reaction:

Abs effect on RBCs having the corresponding blood group Ag is usually agglutination of cells.
These Abs are called agglutinin.
Incomplete agglutinin: Univalent Abs, attach themselves into the Ag but not directly connected between 2 RBCs.
Bridge between 2 Cells completed by anti-antibody.
Complete agglutinin: Bivalent Abs, 2 combining site,1 of each end of molecule.
Certain Abs can damage RBCs carrying corresponding Ag called hemolysis.
It occurs when complement added.
Guinea pigs serum is most potent source of complement for activating hemolysin.

Production of specific antiserum:

Blood group antibody found in normal sera of all domestic animal, detecting by checkerboard technique.
Isoantibodies in normal sera-

Blood cells Ag inherited & contributes from both parents.
With few exceptions all known blood group gene of mammals located autosomes.
Inheritance of blood group depends on 2 systems. They are 2 allelic systems & 3 allelic systems.
In human Ag M & N comes under 2 allelic system & A,B,O comes under 3 allelic system.
Ag M & N Blood group of human are co dominance.
In bovine P & V Ag co-dominance. It is also comes under 2 allelic systems.
The 1^st blood group system discovered, the human ABO system, provides the simplest example of inheritance by multiple alleles.
Disregarding of subgroup of A antigen, there are only 3 alleles (A, B, O).

Cattle blood:

Inagglutinability is seen in cattle erythrocytes.
It is due to position of Ag in RBCs & incompleteness of Abs.
Lytic technique is used for cattle blood typing.
Most reagents obtained from isoimmunosera & some from heteroimmunization.
Very few blood groups Abs occur in normal serum of cattle & anti-J occurs regularly.

Sheep blood:

8 blood group in sheep.
R-O system Ag detected in sheep by naturally occurring Ab.
Another B-C system Ag also present in sheep & detected by iso and heteroimmunization.
Lytic technique is used for blood typing.

Horse blood:

8 blood group in sheep.
R-O system Ag detected in sheep by naturally occurring Ab.
Another B-C system Ag also present in sheep & detected by iso and heteroimmunization.
Lytic technique is used for blood typing.

Pig blood:

Adult pig serum contain naturally occurring blood group Ab.
Anti-A most common Abs present in A negative pig.
It is serologically related with anti-J in cattle, anti A in human, anti R in sheep.
60 reagents obtain from pig blood.

Dog blood:

Blood Transfusion:

The purpose of blood infusion is primarily to restore blood volume after hemorrhage or to compensate for an insufficient supply o RBCs in anemia’s.
Preoperative transfusion is used to prevent cardiac malfunction.
For that fresh or stored blood is used.
For haemostatic effect use blood platelet in fresh blood.

Whole blood transfusion:

Whole blood is unseparated blood containing an anticoagulant-preservative solution.
1 unit whole blood contains-
- 450ml of donor blood
- 50ml of anticoagulant-preservative solution.
No functional platelet.
Used in severe infection or liver disease that stops your body from properly making blood.

Packed red cells:

Packed red cells are cells that are spun down and concentrated.
They are stored in SAG-M(saline adenine glucose mannitol)solution to increase their shelf life to 5 weeks at 2 degree centigrade.
They are used in anemia that is either causing symptoms or when Hb is less than 70-80g/L.

Fresh frozen plasma:

It is separated from whole blood and stored at-40 to -50 degree centigrade with a 2 year shelf life.
It is 1^st line therapy in the treatment of coagulopathic hemorrhage.

Cryoprecipitate:

Cryoprecipitate is a supernatant precipitate of fresh frozen plasma and rich is factor VIII and fibrinogen.
Indicated in low fibrinogen state or in cases of factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia-a), von will brand’s disease and as a source of fibrinogen in disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Plasma Protein:

The most important protein in transfused plasma is albumin.
In domestic animals, albumin contributes less than 75% but more than 50% of total colloid osmotic pressure.
Blood group substance A, J, R present in plasma & acquired by RBCs during 2-3 weeks old.

Erythrocyte:

Survival of donor erythrocyte in recipient is measured by serological method or labeling cells with radioactive tracers.
Cr is most satisfactory tracer.
The plasma of recipient does not produce Abs against donor cells.

General precautions:

To prevent shock or early destruction of donor RBCs by iso Abs, transfusion with A, J, R positive blood group should be avoided.
Where donor blood has potent Ag not sheared by recipient, a 1^st time inj. Might stimulate Abs production & curtail life span of donor RBCs.
Repeated transfusion increase risk of rapid removal of donor blood.
Survival of donor blood obtained if it does not possess RBCs Ag which absent in recipient.

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