Blood Group and Blood Transfusion in Different Species Animals: An Overview

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Blood Group and Blood Transfusion in Different Species Animals: An Overview

Susmita Majumder1, Santanu Nath2

  1. Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-IVRI Bareilly (U.P.)
  2. Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-IVRI Bareilly (U.P.)

What is blood group?

  • Earlier concept: Blood group depends on only surface antigen of erythrocyte.
  • Modern concept: Blood group depend on antigen of red cells, white cells, Platelets, tissue cells & difference of blood group depend on Hb, albumin ,globulin & various erythrocytes in blood.

Discovery:

  • Bordet (1896) showed why RBCs are clumped and subsequently lysed by serum of different animal species.
  • Karl Landsteiner (1900) discovers blood group ABO & naturally occurring anti A & anti B in man.
  • Eharlich & Morgenroth (1900) with the aid of immunization discover no. of individual varieties of goat blood.

Blood group antigens:

  • Different blood group antigens arranged in more or less mosaic structure on the cell surface. They are classified by hereditary studies &belonging to all blood group system are represent each red cells.
  • Blood group antigen detected as soluble substance in blood plasma, saliva, milk, gastric juice, seminal fluid, ovarian cyst fluid.
  • Blood group antigens are glycoprotein, glycolipid and carbohydrate.
  • It is likely that blood group gene control the formation or functioning of specific glycosyl transferase enzyme that add sugar unit from a donor substrate to the carbohydrate chain.
  • Antigen specificities reside in carbohydrate portion.
  • If blood group antigen injected in suitable organism, they form Ab.
  • Ag-Ab reaction helps in distinguishing blood group.

Serological reaction:

  • Abs effect on RBCs having the corresponding blood group Ag is usually agglutination of cells.
  • These Abs are called agglutinin.
  • Incomplete agglutinin: Univalent Abs, attach themselves into the Ag but not directly connected between 2 RBCs.
  • Bridge between 2 Cells completed by anti-antibody.
  • Complete agglutinin: Bivalent Abs, 2 combining site,1 of each end of molecule.
  • Certain Abs can damage RBCs carrying corresponding Ag called hemolysis.
  • It occurs when complement added.
  • Guinea pigs serum is most potent source of complement for activating hemolysin.
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Production of specific antiserum:

  • Blood group antibody found in normal sera of all domestic animal, detecting by checkerboard technique.
  • Isoantibodies in normal sera-
  1. Cattle anti J
  2. Sheep anti R
  3. Pig anti A
  • Blood cells Ag inherited & contributes from both parents.
  • With few exceptions all known blood group gene of mammals located autosomes.
  • Inheritance of blood group depends on 2 systems. They are 2 allelic systems & 3 allelic systems.
  • In human Ag M & N comes under 2 allelic system & A,B,O comes under 3 allelic system.
  • Ag M & N Blood group of human are co dominance.
  • In bovine P & V Ag co-dominance. It is also comes under 2 allelic systems.
  • The 1st blood group system discovered, the human ABO system, provides the simplest example of inheritance by multiple alleles.
  • Disregarding of subgroup of A antigen, there are only 3 alleles (A, B, O).

 

Cattle blood:

  • Inagglutinability is seen in cattle erythrocytes.
  • It is due to position of Ag in RBCs & incompleteness of Abs.
  • Lytic technique is used for cattle blood typing.
  • Most reagents obtained from isoimmunosera & some from heteroimmunization.
  • Very few blood groups Abs occur in normal serum of cattle & anti-J occurs regularly.

Sheep blood:

  • 8 blood group in sheep.
  • R-O system Ag detected in sheep by naturally occurring Ab.
  • Another B-C system Ag also present in sheep & detected by iso and heteroimmunization.
  • Lytic technique is used for blood typing.

Horse blood:

  • 8 blood group in sheep.
  • R-O system Ag detected in sheep by naturally occurring Ab.
  • Another B-C system Ag also present in sheep & detected by iso and heteroimmunization.
  • Lytic technique is used for blood typing.
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Pig blood:

  • Adult pig serum contain naturally occurring blood group Ab.
  • Anti-A most common Abs present in A negative pig.
  • It is serologically related with anti-J in cattle, anti A in human, anti R in sheep.
  • 60 reagents obtain from pig blood.

Dog blood:

  • Naturally occurring iso Abs found less than 15% in dog.
  • They do not have anti A Abs for most powerful Ag-A.
  • Anti-A produce by transfusion of A blood in A negative recipients.
  • Anti-A is a potent isolysin.

Blood Transfusion:

  • The purpose of blood infusion is primarily to restore blood volume after hemorrhage or to compensate for an insufficient supply o RBCs in anemia’s.
  • Preoperative transfusion is used to prevent cardiac malfunction.
  • For that fresh or stored blood is used.
  • For haemostatic effect use blood platelet in fresh blood.

Whole blood transfusion:

  • Whole blood is unseparated blood containing an anticoagulant-preservative solution.
  • 1 unit whole blood contains-
    • 450ml of donor blood
    • 50ml of anticoagulant-preservative solution.
  • No functional platelet.
  • Used in severe infection or liver disease that stops your body from properly making blood.

Packed red cells:

  • Packed red cells are cells that are spun down and concentrated.
  • They are stored in SAG-M(saline adenine glucose mannitol)solution to increase their shelf life to 5 weeks at 2 degree centigrade.
  • They are used in anemia that is either causing symptoms or when Hb is less than 70-80g/L.

Fresh frozen plasma:

  • It is separated from whole blood and stored at-40 to -50 degree centigrade with a 2 year shelf life.
  • It is 1st line therapy in the treatment of coagulopathic hemorrhage.

Cryoprecipitate:

  • Cryoprecipitate is a supernatant precipitate of fresh frozen plasma and rich is factor VIII and fibrinogen.
  • Indicated in low fibrinogen state or in cases of factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia-a), von will brand’s disease and as a source of fibrinogen in disseminated intravascular coagulation.
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Plasma Protein:

  • The most important protein in transfused plasma is albumin.
  • In domestic animals, albumin contributes less than 75% but more than 50% of total colloid osmotic pressure.
  • Blood group substance A, J, R present in plasma & acquired by RBCs during 2-3 weeks old.

Erythrocyte:

  • Survival of donor erythrocyte in recipient is measured by serological method or labeling cells with radioactive tracers.
  • Cr is most satisfactory tracer.
  • The plasma of recipient does not produce Abs against donor cells.

General precautions:

  • To prevent shock or early destruction of donor RBCs by iso Abs, transfusion with A, J, R positive blood group should be avoided.
  • Where donor blood has potent Ag not sheared by recipient, a 1st time inj. Might stimulate Abs production & curtail life span of donor RBCs.
  • Repeated transfusion increase risk of rapid removal of donor blood.
  • Survival of donor blood obtained if it does not possess RBCs Ag which absent in recipient.
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