By-Dr.Vikas Paraji Chattar
M.V.Sc (Pathology) , Livestock Development Officer, Rui
Animal Husbandry Department, Maharashtra.
Cont no: 9765215573 , email:vikaschattar@gmail.com
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INTRODUCTION:
Farm animals especially in bovine, severe anemia occurs due to blood protozoan infection like Theileriosis, Babesiosis, Anaplasmosis, ecto and endo parasite, blood loss during surgery and nutritional deficiency. In severe anemia where there is extreme depletion of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood occurs, Most of the animals die due to severe anemia. Therefore, a simple, rapid, inexpensive and timely administration of blood in cases of life-threatening anemia in large animal is clinically very rewarding. By keeping in view of all those things Blood transfusion kit for blood transfusion in large animals is designed. Blood transfusion kit is easy to perform, less time consuming, economically justifiable, giving spectacular results and professional.
Indications for blood transfusions:
1.Acute haemorrhage
-Complication after caesarian section.
-Bleeding due to uterine prolapse.
-Umbilical vessel damage by a new born calf .
-Accidental Trauma.
-Post parturient hemoglobinurea.
-Hypoposphatemia in buffalo.
2. Blood Protozoan infection
-Theileriosis.
-Babesiosis.
-Anaplasmosis.
3. Abomasal ulceration.
4. Anemia and melena.
(Animal with severe anaemia (<10% PCV) – These cases are likely to die regardless of other treatments.)
(Animal with moderate anaemia (10-15% PCV) – A transfusion is recommended to aid in recovery.)
Selection of donor:
-The selection of donor may be restricted by availability.
– Should be a healthy,
-Mature animal, 4 to 5 yrs of age and easy to handle.
– Body Condition Score should be greater than 4.5
-A quiet Animal makes the job a lot easier.
Blood groups in cattle:
The internationally recognized blood groups in cattles are A, B, C, F, J, L, M, R, S, T and Z. out of these 11 groups, group B and J being the most clinically relevant. The B group itself has more than 60 antigens. The J antigen is not a true erythrocyte antigen but a lipid found in plasma Cattle having anti-J antibodies with a small amount of adsorbed J antigen on erythrocytes but negative J blood group, can develop transfusion reactions when receiving J-positive blood.
Cross matching:
First transfusions are usually safe to apply without cross-match of blood in cattles.there are two types of cross match we have to done before blood transfusion.
1. Major cross match:
The major cross match detects antibodies already present in recipient plasma that could cause a hemolytic reaction when donors RBCs are transfused; it will not detect the potential for sensitization to develop.
Major Cross match
Donor Blood + Recipient Plasma
Positive Test = Macro or Micro agglutination present
(Incompatible)
Negative Test = Macro or Micro agglutination absent
(Compatible)
2. Minor cross match :
The minor cross match is the reverse of the major cross match, recipient cells are combined with donor plasma.
Minor Cross match
Recipient Blood + Donor Plasma
Positive Test =Macro or Micro agglutination present
(Incompatible)
Negative Test = Macro or Micro agglutination Absent
(Compatible)
Blood collection:
Blood transfusion kit consists of blood collection bag having capacity 2 litr with anticoagulant. Select healthy donor animal and restrain tightly with a rope halter. Pulling the head as far as possible to either side will help expose the jugular vein. Identify the jugular, then clip an exposed section of skin mid-way along the jugular groove and perform a basic sterile preparation of the area. Insert needle into jugular vein provided in kit and attach blood transfusion set to needle. When blood start flowing through blood transfusion set, insert one end of set into blood collection bag, through top outlet and collect blood in bag with slowly shaking. Once you have obtained the desired quantity, release the jugular and remove the needle. Total blood volume in cattle represents 7-8% of bodyweight. Never collect more than 25% of total blood volume from a donor at one time. In practice, 10-15% of an adult’s blood volume is usually sufficient for most indications.
Administration of blood:
Restrain animal tightly with a rope halter, if necessary. Transfusion can be done in a paddock to a recumbent cow, restrained with a halter tied to her leg. Insert blood transfusion set into blue coloured outlet of bag. Blood collection bag is provided with non return valve at top opening so u can invert the bag and start transfusion. It is recommended to run the blood relatively slowly for the first 30 minutes, while there is a low risk of transfusion reactions (manifested as respiratory distress, oedematous swellings, tachycardia, hiccupping, thrashing or sweating), the recipient should be continuously monitored for blood transfusion reaction. In case of reactions, use medication provided with kit at proper dose rate. (dose rate given along with kit). The remaining blood can be run in over 30 minutes. Monitor the giving set for any air pockets towards the end of the transfusion and stop once you see these begin to appear, even if your collection chamber is not yet empty. Subsequently, remove the needle and apply pressure for a few minutes. Kit is provided with step-by-step procedure and precautions.
Administration Rate:
It depends upon:
• Anaemic status of animal.
• Age of animal.
• Health status of animal.
• In emergency situation such as hemorrhagic shock blood can be administered as rapidly as deemed necessary.
• Blood should never be infused over a period longer than 4 hr.
Do not give blood concurrently with fluids containing calcium or hypotonic fluid as these substances can cause to lysis.
Transfusion reaction:
• Usually Reaction is rare during first transfusion.
• Kit is provided with emergency medication if reaction occurs.
• Repeated blood transfusion within 7 Days, More Risk for reaction.
Transfusion Reaction Signs:
• Increase of respiratory rate
• Urticaria
• Hiccupping
• Sweating
• Tachycardia
• Violent movements
• Severe respiratory distress
Conclusion:
Blood transfusion kit is very helpful for successful blood transfusion in large animals because all the material, chemicals, medicine and procedure is given in kit. We vet always face the problem of availability of all those things required for blood transfusion on field level, so we hesitate to do blood transfusion or we do but we don’t get expected results. Keeping in view of all those things kit is prepared so that we vet can do blood transfusion easily and safely to save life of many speechless creature.
For requirement of kit contact :
Dr.V.P.Chattar
Contact No. 9765215573
Email: vikaschattar@gmail.com
References:
1. Andrew Soldan. 1999. Blood transfusions in cattle. In Practice; 21:590-595.
2. Anthony R. Musante, Peter J. Pekins and David L. Scarpitti. 2007. Metabolic impacts of winter tick infestations on calf moose. ALCES.Vol.43: 101-110.
3. Briggs,S. Blood transfusion in cattle. 2014.
4. Gareth Bell. 2006. Blood transfusions in cattle. UK Vet – Vol 11; No: 3. May edition.Tufani, N. A., Hafiz, A., Makhdoomi, D. M., Malik, H. U., Peer, F. U. and Shad, F. I. 2009.
5. Nuri Mamak and Ismail Aytekin. 2012. Principles of Blood Transfusion.http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48332. Pg. no. 321-350.
6. Tufani, N. A., Hafiz, A., Makhdoomi, D. M., Malik, H. U., Peer, F. U. and Shad, F. I. 2009.
7. Giger, U. Blood typing and cross matching to ensure compatible transfusions. In: Kirk’s Curr Vet Ther 2000; 13:396–399.
8. Auer L & Bell, K. The AB blood group system of cats. Animal Blood Groups, Biochemistry and Genetics 1981;12 287-297. Brown D and Vap L.
9. Principles of Blood Transfusions and Cross-Matching, In: Thrall, M.A., Baker, D.C., Campbell, T.W., DeNicola, D., Fettman, M.J., Lassen, E.D., Rebar, A., and Glade, W. (eds.) Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry. USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006. p.197-202.
10. Andrews GA and Penedo MC. Erythrocyte Antigens and Blood Groups. In: Weiss DJ and Wardrop KJ (eds.) Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology (Sixth Edition). USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2010. p.711-724.
11. Wardrop KJ. Clinical Blood Typing and Cross matching. In: Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ (eds.) Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology (Sixth Edition). USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2010. p.1101-1105
Photos
Cross match:
Blood collection
Blood Transfusion
