BOVINE PAPILLOMA VIRUS

BOVINE PAPILLOMA VIRUS: Cause of Bovine Papillomatosis in bovines worldwide

Simran jeet Singh¹, Aditya Kumar^2*, Priyanshi Dobal³ and Abha Pant⁴

¹PG Scholar, Department of Veterinary Medicine

²PhD Scholar, Department of Veterinary Medicine

^3,4UG Scholar

College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India- 263145

                          Corresponding author mail- adityakumar1696@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Bovine Papillomaviruses (BVP) are a class of circular double-stranded viruses that target the cutaneous and mucosal epithelium in cattle. They represent the initial papillomaviruses within the Papillomaviridae family that are prevalent in cattle. BVP serves as the causative agent for papilloma’s and neoplasia affecting the skin (warts), alimentary tract, and urinary bladder in bovines. The spectrum of diseases induced by this virus, ranging from benign to malignant, is gaining significance in both beef and dairy cattle globally. Bovine Papilloma Virus is also utilized as a valuable model for studying Human Papilloma Virus. This infectious disease poses economic challenges due to its impact on animal health. It is a widespread ailment affecting herds worldwide, characterized by hyperproliferative lesions known as papilloma’s on cutaneous tissue and mucosa. Despite its epitheliotropic nature, the virus has been isolated from various sources, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells, milk, urine, seminal fluid, and sperm cells of animals infected with BPV-1, BVP-2, and BPV-4.

CLINICAL FINDINGS

Gross characterization of bovine papillomatosis.

The incubation period for cutaneous warts produced by BVP is about 30days and the duration of naturally and experimentally produced fibro papillomatous ranges from 1-12months before regression.

Solid outgrowths originating from the epidermis can exhibit either a sessile or pedunculated structure.

Most common type in cattle occurs on neck and has cauliflower like appearance but it varies with type of papilloma.

Warts on nose, chin, lips, neck, shoulder, and brisket region of body.

DIAGNOSIS

• Based on history.
• Gross clinical signs.
• Cytological examination.

Cytologically, Squamous cell papilloma was characterized by one undifferentiated nucleus (double-headed arrow in Fig. A), bizarre nuclei (line arrow in Fig. A) with a thin rim of cytoplasm (Fig. A); sheets (cords) of cells with hypercellularity, anisocytosis, and anisokaryosis (elbow double-arrow in Fig. B) or pleomorphism (Fig.B) and sheets of neoplastic cells with pyknosis (arrow in Fig. C). While fibro papilloma was characterized by oval-shaped cells (Fig. D); fibroblast-like spindle-shaped cells (elbow double-arrow in Fig. E) with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. The cytoplasm is characterized by a thin rim (line arrow in Fig. E); spindle and oval-shaped cells with pleomorphism (double-headed arrow in Fig. F).

• Histopathological Examination

Microscopically, in both squamous cell papilloma and fibro papilloma the squamous keratinocytes were severely proliferated and invade into the dermis either as long rete-pegs (hyperplastic epidermis) (arrow in Fig. A) or infiltrate as fibrovascular core (double head arrow in Fig. A & B). In fibro papilloma in addition to epidermal keratinocytes proliferation, there was an excessive proliferation of spindle to plump shaped fibroblasts (line arrow dark in Fig. A). Cell nuclei were elongated to fusiform in shape, with scanty cytoplasm (Fig. A & B). H&E; 10x.

• Polymerase Chain Reaction.
• Immunohistochemistry
• In situ hybridization.

TREATMENT PROPHYLAXIS AND PREVENTION

• Vaccination -Prophylactic Vaccination i.e. vaccination of wart free animals to prevent infection (e.g.- with formalin killed wart suspension). Calves should be vaccinated as early as 4 to 6 weeks to prevent infection.
• Therapeutic Vaccination with BVP -4 E7or BPV-2L2 induces early regression of warts. Wart rejection involves a cell mediated immune response with infiltration of the site by large number of lymphocytes and macrophages.
• Thuja drops a plant derivative obtained from Thuja occidentalis, a homeopathic preparation.
• Thuja ointment applied topically on warts.
• Anthiomaline administered by IM route is also an effective medicine.
• Auto haem therapy.

REFERENCES

• Freitas, A. C., Silva, M. A. R., Jesus, A. L. S., Mariz, F. C., Cordeiro, M. N., Albuquerque, B. M. F., & Batista, M. V. A. (2011). Recent insights into bovine papillomavirus.  J. Microbiol. Res, 5(33), 6004-6012.
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org
• https://www.sciencedirect.com (Bovine papillomavirus -an overview.)
• Ugochukwu, I. C. I., Aneke, C. I., Idoko, I. S., Sani, N. A., Amoche, A. J., Mshiela, W. P., … & Sackey, A. K. B. (2019). Bovine papilloma: aetiology, pathology, immunology, disease status, diagnosis, control, prevention, and treatment: a review. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 28, 737-745.
• Hamad, M. A., Al-Shammari, A. M., Odisho, S. M., & Yaseen, N. Y. (2018). Molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomatosis and identification of three genotypes in central Iraq. Intervirology, 60(4), 156-164.
• Mathewos, M., Teshome, T., Fesseha, H., & Yirgalem, M. (2021). Cytopathogical characterization of papillomatosis in cattle of Wolaita Sodo district, Southern Ethiopia. Scientific African, 13, e00882.

Please follow and like us: