Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A Havoc in goats
Vishal Prajapati, Prashant Prajapati, Daljeet Chhabra, Rakesh Sharda, Rakhi Gangil, Ravi Sikrodia and Joycee Jogi
Department of Veterinary Microbiology ,College of Veterinary Sciences and AH MHOW
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is contagious disease of goats. This disease was highly infectious, and devastating disease of goats for about 140 years. Current reports are also showing that, sheep can also be affected. CCPP is caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae. The main clinical signs of CCPP are coughing, respiratory distress and very high morbidity and mortality. Morbidity and mortality can be reach about 100% and 80% respectively as much as high, which causes high economic loss. This disease is widely distributed in many countries in Africa and the Middle East.
Etiology
- A genus of cell wall-less, sterol-requiring, Catalase negative, bacteria typically non-motile and pleomorphic, ranging from spherical, ovoid or pear-shaped to branched filamentous forms. Do not stain by the Gram method.
- This disease is caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp).
- Formerly known as Mycoplasma sp. type F-38.
- This causative agent is very fragile and not able to exist long in the external environment. This can survive upto 3 days outside the host in tropical areas, and upto 2 weeks in temperate zone
- It can be inactivated within 60 minutes at 56°C and 2 minutes at 60°C, but can survive more than 10 years in frozen.
- It can be inactivated by formaldehyde (0.05% for 30 seconds) and a mercuric chloride (0.01% for 1 minute)
- Many of the routinely used disinfectants can be used to effectively inactivate the organism, e.g. phenol (1% phenol for 3 minutes).
- https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2021/03/contagious-caprine-pleuro.pdf
Species Affected
- Goats are the only domesticated animals proven to be affected by this organism.
- Goats are the primary hosts for capripneumoniae,.
- Clinical cases in some wild ungulates including wild goats (Capra aegagrus), Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana), Laristan mouflon (Ovis orientalis laristanica), gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica), Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), and Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii).
Geographic distribution
- This disease is widely distributed in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
- In India this disease is reported from Chennai, Assam, Mumbai, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal.
- Isolation of capripneumoniae is difficult from the clinical material, so its presence in reported country has not been confirmed.
- In some cases where the cases are reported are confirmed on the basis of clinical sign.
Transmission
- CCPP is highly contagious disease. It can be transmitted through comes in close contact with the affected animal
- It can be transmitted through inhalation of air droplet or respiratory droplet of affected animal
Pathogenesis
- When healthy animal comes in contact with the affected animal the causative agent enter through aerosol and get attach to host cell. Some pathogenic species possess structures composed of unique adhesion proteins, which promote attachment to mammalian cells. Mycoplasmas bind with neutrophils and macrophages and also reduce the phagocytic function.
- Activation of macrophages and monocytes leads to the release of cytokines including tumour necrosis factor and interleukins, resulting in the initiation of inflammation.
- Once the adherence of mycoplasma cell with ciliated respiratory epithelium, lead to ciliostasis, loss of cilia and cytopathic changes.
Clinical Signs
- The incubation period is commonly 6 to 10 days, but is reported to range from 2 days to 4 weeks
- Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a respiratory disease.
- Unilateral fibrinous pleuropneumonia, fibrinous pericarditis, abundant pleural straw colored fluid, prominent consolidated lungs without sequestra and edema
- It can be occur in peracute, acute or chronic form in endemic area.
- In peracute form goats can die within 1 to 3 days without showing or minimal clinical sign.
- In acute form the animal show initially very high rise of temperature (41-43°C;106-109°F), animal become lethargy and anorectic and followed by coughing and labored respiration. Cough is very frequent, violent and productive. In later stage goat is unable to move and stand. Neck is stiff and extended, excessive salivation, animal show bleating or grunt in pain. Pregnant goats may abort and animals die with in 7- 10 day if not treated.
- In Chronic CCPP is characterized by a chronic cough, nasal discharge and debilitation.
Post Mortem Lesions
- On postmortem examination, Acute form of disease is characterized by unilateral or bilateral pneumonia and serofibrinous pleuritis with straw-colored fluid in the thorax.
- Pea size yellow coloured nodule are seen in lung and these nodule are surrounded by area of congestion. Lung consolidation or necrosis can be seen, and the bronchial lymph nodes are enlarged.
- In case of chronic form of affected animal have pleuropneumonia or pleuritis with encapsulation of acute lesions.
Diagnosis
- On the basis of history of contact with infected animal, clinical signs and symptom.
- It can be diagnosis through culture, of suitable samples include mucosal scrapings, tracheal exudates, aspirates, pneumonic tissue, mastitic milk and fluids from joints or body cavities. Colony that grown on media shown by the mycoplasma as – ‘Fried-egg’ microcolonies and Microcolony size.
- PCR is more likely to be used to identify capripneumoniae directly in tissue samples or pleural fluid.
Treatment
This can be treated with tibiotics like Qxytetracycline and Rolitetracycline. Some other antibiotics like, Chloramphenicol, Tiamutin and Alincomycin are giving a satisfactory response. Anti-inflammatory (flunixin meglumine) drug should be used to reduce an inflammation in lung.
Complete eradication of this disease is very rare and treated animals may act as a potential carrier.
Prevention and Control
- Disease can be controlled by a proper management like quarantines, testing of a new flock, movement should be restricted from the endemic area, slaughter of an infected ones, cleaning and disinfection of the premises.
- Mass Antibiotic Medication
- Vaccination with an inactivated Mycoplasma F38 strain vaccine should be done before adding a new flock to the previous one, which is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality rates. A booster dose should be given after a month of the primary vaccination provides an additional protection.
https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/ccpp-contagious-caprine-pleuropneumonia-in-goat/
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