CONTRACEPTIVE & PREGNANCY TERMINATION IN DOGS & CATS

 

CONTRACEPTIVE & PREGNANCY TERMINATION IN DOGS & CATS

Definition of Contraceptives– A device or drug used to prevent pregnancy.

OR

The intentional prevention of conception or temporary management ofreproduction through the use of various devices/sexual practices/chemicals/drugs/surgical procedures.

-Happiness hormone-oxytocin-is also released by cuddling( embracing) a animal( including Dog/Cat

–Laughing Gas– NO( nitrous oxide)

-If rodent bite result bleeding –Administer Vit-K

-Contraception drug for Female Cat(Queen)/Bitch– (20 mg tablet-Megestrol Acetate(synthetic progestin-used to post pone oestrus-)/medoxyprogesterone acetate– Ovaban/Megace/morning-after pill–1–Non-oestrual queen– 1–@ 2.5 mg tab /orally/once in a week .

2— Oestrual Queens ( while in oestrus)- @ 5mg/cat/day for 5 days

3— Contraception drug for Male Cat ( Tom)- S/C –(within neck to lumbar)-suprelorin(GnRH agonist) injection

4-Contraception drug for Female Dog(Bitch)-

i-Megestrol Acetate(synthetic progestin-used to post pone oestrus-)/medoxyprogesterone acetate– Ovaban/Megace

ii-Diethyl Stilbosterol ( DES-ban in India for adenocarcinoma-Carcinogenic(VG)- causing) pills-@ 1 cap/daily/for 1 week( may have side effects)

5-Contraception drug for Male Dog—@ Suprelon 4.7 mg drug-injected S/C – temporarily suppress  Testosterone action.

6- contraceptive vaccine-Porcine Zona Pellucida(PZP)-immunocontraceptive preventing sperm for accessing ovum.

7- Antibody producing contraceptive– Gona Con– produce antibodies to sex drive hormones in DEER.

8-Mismatcing contraception- ( vasectomy in cat-called orchidectomy)

• Cat-Anti progesterone injection- prevent implantation of zygote-
• Bitch –Anti progesterone(synthetic progesterone antagonist) injection- prevent implantation of zygote by blocking signal transmission for zygote implantation – Aglepristone(Alizine injection)- @ 10 mg/kg-S/C-alternate day of 2 doses ( can be given effectively within 0- 22 days after mating)-reabsorb foetuses within 7 days after administration
• Sildenafil (Viagra/revatio/aphrodil/vizarsin/granpidam)- vasodialator-a-used in Hypertension in lung vessels/

b-cattle-used to treat mega oesophagus

c-Bitch- for endometrities

• Mifepristone – @ 2.5 mg/kg/bid/4-5 days -terminates pregnancy in Bitch at 32 days post ovulation without but in women activates Ovarian tissue
• Epostane-@ 50-300mg/kg/orally/daily/for 7 days-(inhibit synthesis of progesterone)-

Methods of contraception in Dog  & Cat

1-Permanent Sterilisation-

i-Spaying( Ovario-hysterectomy) in females-check-oestrous, mammary gland tumour(neoplasias), uterine pathology, side effect– urinary incontinence ,obesity,( due to oestrogen level decrease)

ii-Ovarioctomy( only ovary removed)

iii-Hysterectomy(only Uterus is removed)

iv-Neuter(Tuboctomy)- Bitch>6 months & Queen-before 1^st Oestrous(5-9 months of age)-better as maintain oestrogen secretion

v-Castration – in Males-prevent-Prostate diseases,

i-Open method-surgical extirpations of testicles

(No chemical sterilization is approved in Tom/male Cat)

ii-Chemical-Calcium chloride dehydrate with Ethyl Alchoholic dilution- in Males of all species( Cal care injection in ampule–50mg/2ml-calcium chloride -10% -100mg/ml—Basol-500ml/Zeuterin/Esterisol/Neutersol injection(2-10 months old male pupies)—(zinc gluconate+ arginine))Chemical injection at

• Rete- Testis( just centre of testes if side wise then not effective)- Testosterone drop
• b-Vas  difference-can be given to males of all species-sterilisation without hormonal change

iii- (Temporary sterilisation in male)-Low testosterone ( leuprolide acetate )  @ 1 mg/kg/single dose-SC for 6 weeks to suppress sperm production in 8 weeks

2-Temporary oestrous blockage( postpone of oestrus)-

i-Megestrol acetate-common use-

a-(Ovaban) @ 0.5 mg/kg/daily- for 32 days –at least 7 days before oestrus then next oestrus after 4-5 months

b-but if given at Dioestrus then oestrous at normal time

• To stops oestrous after 3 day of occurrence & want to stop further  oestrus time in that cycle-@2mg/kg/day/for 8 days-

Side effect-next oestrous cycle will be 4-6 weeks earlier than normal time, if done subsequently for two times may cause increased appetite, wt. gain, pyrometra, mammary neoplasias,DM-2,uterine & liver disease, no effect on post treatment for fertility

Queen- Estradiol cypionate– ( just after coitus)

i–-@ 250 microgram/kg-I/M-daily –for 6 days

ii– ECP-@ 0.125 to 0.25 mg/Cat-I/M- 40 hours after coitus( side effect-pyrometra, Aplastic anaemia)

ii-Mibolerone-(called- check drug)( androgen block LH release)- treat at least 30 days pre-oestrous @30 microgram/day/orally/5-12 Kg Dog (12-30kg-12 microgram/day,25-50 kg-120 microgram/day)-for maximum 2 years

side effect– if on 1^st oestrous the cause-premature physical closer( epiphysial bone growth blocked), next oestrous is within 7-200 days after cessation of Drug intake

iii-Testosterone-Methyl testosterone–

a-@ 5mg/week dived to 2 doses in a week-

b-Testosterone propionate-parentally-25mg-I/M(pectorally)- in every 2 weeks

side effects-vaginal discharge or hypertrophy of vagina

iv-Immunogenic methods– GnRH agonist -for stoppage of LH activity

For male-low testosterone ( leuprolide acetate )  @ 1 mg/kg/single dose-SC for 6 weeks to suppress sperm production in 8 weeks

3-Pregnancy termination-(PD-Cyesiognosis- under USG after 25 days of LH peak)

i-oestrogen–

• ECP-(mismatch drug-give 3-5 days within mating)(ECP-Estradiol cypionate-@44 microgram /kg/once//Estradiol benzoate-@0.01mg/kg-I/M-for 3-5 days( occasionally 7 days) & tamoxifen-( mismate drug)prevent conception at oestrous ( 90-100% certified cells at vaginal cytology in oestrous)/sperm cells not found in vagina after 24 hr of mating .

Queen– Estradiol cypionate– ( just after coitus)

i–-@ 250 microgram/kg-I/M-daily –for 6 days

ii– ECP-@ 0.125 to 0.25 mg/Cat-I/M- 40 hours after coitus( side effect-pyrometra, Aplastic anaemia)

b-Tamoxifen citrate(for mismate)-anti oestrogen but in dog has oestrogenic effect as in Bitch oestrous depends on Progesterone not oestrogen-( Taxol/Bristol)-@1mg/kg/bid/for 10 days

(Vaginal cytology-placed moist with saline cotton swab in vagina for 1 minute-> put tip of swab in a test tube having 0.5 ml saline for 10 minutes->squeeze the cotton swab to Test tube-> centrifuge @  2000rpm for 10 minutes->stain the fluid -> microscope the slide)

ii-prostaglandin– with atropine sulphate @ 0.025 mg /kg  or pirifinium bromide-@ 0.1 ml/k or metopimazine-@ 0.5 mg/kg-S/C- (15 minutes before use of  Cloprostanol)—every alternate day of 3 doses

a-(PG2alpha-Leutalyse-natural)-@ 0.1 to 0.25 mg/kg/thrice a day/ for 2 days – abortion within 9 days- (side effect of diarrhoea& vomition)- Progesterone level<2ng/ml for 24 hours due to leutalise of CL cause abortion-

b-synthetic prostaglandin( cloprostenol-no side effect but dose miscalculation leads to problem/fluprostenol/alphaprostenol)- @ 1-.2,5 microgram/kg/once daily—S/C—for 4-5 days

Queen– PG-@ 2mg/Cat-S/C-for 5 days on 30-33 day post mating-abort within 6 days

iii-Prolactin inhibitor– used in 2^nd half of gestation decrease Prolactin and cause leutalise of CL-

• Bromocriptine—( inactivated in water so give with oil if crushed)-62.5 microgram/kg/orally/daily/ for 45 days post ovulated bitches

b-Carbergolin-( 0.5 mg tab available for 100 kg BW-accordingly use) @60 microgram/kg/orally/once daily/ in 40 days post ovulated bitch

Queen-Carborgoiln-@ 5-15 microgram/Cat/daily/ for 4-9 days  at 30-40 days post mating-100% abortion//

iv-Anti-Progestagens– Epostane-@ 50-300mg/kg/orally/daily/for 7 days-(inhibit  synthesis of progesterone)-

v-Dexamethazone-(luteolytic effect)@ 0.2 mg/kg/orally/twice a day/ for 7-10 days-absorbs foetuses

Pyometra & Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia of Dog & Cat

Definition of Pyometra-(pus in uterus in Greek word)-Pus in Uterus at luteal phase (within 2months post oestrus) by(i) colonisation of bacteria( mostly-E. coli) with(ii) progressive Cystic Endometrial  Hyperplasia (CEH)( catarrhal endometrities & chronic cystic endometrities) of Open ( cervix open)or closed( cervix closed) nature.

Symptom–  creamy->red brown->Green purulent foul smelling discharge from vulva in open pyometra, Abdominal distension in close pyometra, Vomition ,dyspepsia ,lethargy, increased thirst, frequent urination

Diagnosis-

• Physical exm ( abdominal dissention-closed cervix & vulvar discharge-open cervix
• CBC( increases –WBC @.30,000/micro litre- left shift(i^) of monocytosis with decrease Lymphocytes/
• X-Ray- after 45 days post oestrus may be confused with normal pregnancy/USG-( betteras not palpable)indicating Uterine enlargement with fluffy ,irregular-mottled thickening of Ut, even after 25 days post oestrous .
• Serum chemistry-for Progesterone Hormonal Assay <1ng/ml/I^ALP(Alkaline phosphatase) & ALT(Alkaline transaminase).hyperprotenemea
• ESR(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)- Increase in Pyometra
• Urine- C/S ,azotemia(I^ urea, uric acid, creatinin, BUN etc.),
• Endoscope/Vaginal speculum for cervix exam-if pus in Vagina then open pyometra
• Symp -hypothermia( septic shock)/Fever-bacterial infection/Dehydration( renal failure)/Abdominal pain-descend of Ut. & peritonitis due to leakage of pus to peritoneum

CEH(Cystic Hyperplasia Endometrial Hyperplasia )-

• It is due to hormonal change for repeated oestrous
• May cause Hydrometra or mucometra when less complicated-asymptomatic
• Progesterone primed uterus more susceptible
• Insulin like growth factor( IGF-1) susceptible for pyometra
• I^ PG metabolites
• Repeated oestrus cycle->upward moment of Vaginal bacteria->Functional closer of Cervix-> increased secretary activity of Ut. for Progesterone dominated luteal phase->Colonisation & over growth of bacteria->decrease natural phagocytic mechanise( Lymphocytopnea)->Pyometra
• Septic shock & renal failure
• Pyometra- Lip polysaccharides endotoxin-> released from cell wall of Gm-ve Organism-> stimulate for secretion of Cytokines{tumour necrotic factor-TNF & Interleukins(Ils) and Platelet Activating Factor( PAF)} result -> vasodilatation -> decrease intra vascular tissue fluid-> cardiac arythimea->septic shock->Hypoglycmea & Hepatic cell damage-> renal dysfunction->decrease GFR( Glomerular Filtration Rate ) up to 75%
• Pseudo pregnancy has little effect on Pyometra

Treatment- ( only decrease infection to sub-clinical level)

1-OHE-effective within 5-15 days

2-AB-I/V of 60% dextran (to prevent shock) with Haemoglobin glutamor-200(enhance tissue delivery of Oxygen)-more effective for open pyometra but for closed pyometra treatment is not recommended(due to secretion from pyometric endometrium of GLYCOCALYX BIOFILM that binds AB)  as vomition due to kidney impairment also –for-E.Coli,Strpto,Staphylo,Pseudomonus,Proteus

i-Ampicillin/amoxycillin- 22mg/kg/tid/daily /for one week

ii-Metronidazole(metrogel injection)-2.5 mg/kg/bid/for 5 days

iii-Clyndamycin- if staphylococciinfection

iv-Cephalexin-for UTI, Skin, soft tissue /Pyometra

v-Amoxycillin-Clavunate( Clavum)-14 mg/kg /bid/for 2-4 weeks

vi-PG( -can not act within first 5 days of Dioestrus( (leutalyse)-ecbolic cause luteolysis- @ 0.5 -2.5 mg/kg/bid/for 5 days with Atropine Sulphate(antisilagouge) @ 500 mg/kg—I/M- for 5 days

vii-Estrogens(DES-diethylstibosterol/ECP-estradiol cypionate)- If administered exogenously-reduces pyometra

viii-Progesterone-(Megestrol acetate/medroxy progesterone acetate/mifepristone/aglepristone-reduces Pyometra

ix-Oxytocin-

x-androgens-

Source-Prepared & presented by Dr.Keshaba Chandra Samantaray ,M. V. Sc. (Gynaecology), Gold Medallist, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, NET(ICAR-New Delhi),”Bioinformatics in Optimising Fertility in Farm Animals”- College of Veterinary Science -PAU(Ludhiana),”Caprine  AI { Goat Artificial Insemination }”—MGSRD Institute, Phalton, Maharastra, “Gender Awareness & Integration in Traing Curiculla”-Institute of Rural Management( IRM) Anand,Gujurat.”Livestock & Environment Interactio”-Internatinal Agricultural Centre( IAC),Wageningen,The Netherlands.”Talks on“Go-Bandhya Nirakaran”+”Mai Jersy Bacchurira Jatna”+Garvini Gaira Jatna”-All India Radio,Cuttack. Acceptance of my suggestions on Constitutional Reforms of Republic of India”. “Project Management Skills”-MANAGE, Hyderabad (including Classes on Inter Personal Relationship{IPR} at National Police Academy, Hyderabad.

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