Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Strategy : Pre Disaster Planning and Preparedness for Earthquake in India

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Strategy : Pre Disaster Planning and Preparedness for Earthquake in India

An earthquake can be defined as the series of vibrations on the earth’s surface caused by the generations of elastic (or) seismic wave due to sudden deformation or rupture within the earth during the releases of an accumulated strain energy. Indian mainland is highly defenseless, to earthquakes; (As per seismic zoning, as much as 59% of India’s land region could face modest to harsh earthquakes). Given the high seismic risk and earthquake vulnerability in India;, inclusive;, institutionalized and coordinated mechanism are required for effective disaster mgt. at the nationwide, statewide, and districtwide levels, which should include –

1. Analyzing the risk-:- · functioning the susceptibility mapping of earthquake-prone areas and creating supply of resources for effective response. · An recognition of the serious areas which necessitate special concentration; · Analyzing and documenting the lessons learnt from preceding earthquakes , and working over future stratagem in coping comparable emergencies in future ; · intensification of urgent situation response potential in earthquake prone areas; · Estimating the level of harm to living and possessions in the occurrence of an earthquake ( so that appropriate disaster managing strategies can be evolve ).

2. Predicting the risk:- Predict the Earthquakes-The short- or mid-term forecast of earthquakes is tricky; but use of animal actions in predicting earthquakes can recommend some assist.

3. Precautionary measures:-

a. The pre-disaster preparedness based on systematic and practical principles (with special focus on building technique). This forms an imperative foundation of earthquake disaster mitigation efforts – · Seismic security of artificial structure such that it ensures the structure do not disintegrate. · Revision of town preparation bye-laws and acceptance of model bye-laws. · Assessing the seismic susceptibility of the accessible buildings by carrying out structural safety audit. · Increasing seismic intensification & setting up standards and guiding principle for existing upcoming decisive lifeline structures & also of buildings of nationwide significance · Undertaking compulsory technical audits of structural design of foremost projects like dams, bridges etc. · Amalgamation of earthquake anti design features in the new buildings. · Ensuring the fulfillment of earthquake-resistant building code, city preparation laws and other safety rules.

b. Refining masses & the function of community participation · Introducing earthquake safety instruction in schools, colleges and universities. · Conducting mock drills for greater public awareness. · Participation of the community at the local level in the planning, implementation and monitoring processes. · Launching public alertness campaign on seismic safety and threat diminution. · Technical instruction following inclusive curriculum linked to earthquake management.

c. Medical emergency & preparedness – · The emergency medical arrangement to be straight away put to work on getting information from the earthquake unnatural areas. · Punctual and proficient emergency medical reply with effective reach to affected ample. · Resuscitation, triage and medical evacuation of victims who require hospitalization, · Appropriate analysis will be provided to the sufferers suffering from pshyco-social distress.

d. Creation “Disaster Response Force” battalion in high seismic danger zones, guidance and equipping them. e. A brief evaluation of the position of earthquake management efforts occasionally.

4. Response/ Emergency measures Emergency respite measures – · Planning and setting up emergency shelter, respite camp for people exaggerated · Distributing relief amongst the affected community, · Identifying misplaced people and initiation search & salvage operations for them, · Addressing the desires like- health care, water provide and cleanliness, food etc., · Deployment of military for post-earthquake response employment, · Establishing systems for proper recognition of the departed, recording the facts of victims, and their DNA fingerprinting.

5. Rehabilitation & Recovery:- · Steps to be taken to make sure adequate nutrition, therapeutic services, water & cleanliness services. · Providing psychosomatic care and communal support, · Re-housing of those render shelter-fewer after-quake, · Rehabilitate amputees and other disable · Providing them through opportunities for earning living wage & arrangement.

Challenges ahead – · More R&D is desired on –“How to improve seismic protection?” · insufficient numbers of skilled and capable civil engineers, structural engineers, architects and masons skillful in earthquake-resistant design and manufacture of structures. · Revising the prospectus in professional courses, incorporate disaster management in them. · require of generating public alertness on seismic risk decrease features in nonengineered manufacture in earthquake-prone area. Executive Summary The Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act, 2005) lays down institutional and coordination mechanisms for valuable disaster management (DM) at the national, state, and district levels. As mandate by this Act, the Government of India (GoI) created a multitiered institutional system consisting of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) by the Chief Ministers and the District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) by the District Collectors and co-chaired by elected representatives of the local authorities of the respective districts. These bodies have been set up to facilitate the prototype shift from the till now relief-centric approach to a more upbeat, holistic and included approach of intensification disaster preparedness, alleviation and emergency response. Soon after the NDMA was set up, a series of consultation were initiated with various stakeholders to assist the expansion of guidelines for escalation earthquake management. Senior legislative body from government department and agency, academics, professionals, polygonal and compassionate agencies and commercial sector representatives participated in these meetings. These meetings recognized that several initiative taken up by government agencies in the recent past have been significant and farreaching, but they also painted the need for a holistic and integrated strategy. On the basis of these negotiations, the NDMA has prepared these procedure for the Management of Earthquakes, (here in after referred to as the procedure), to assist the ministries and department of the GOI, state governments and other agencies to prepare DM plans. Earthquake Risk in India India’s high earthquake danger and susceptibility is obvious from the fact that about 59% of India’s land area could face modest to harsh earthquakes. through the era 1990 to 2006, more than 23,000 life were lost due to 6 main earthquakes in India, which also caused massive damage to property and civic infrastructure. The incident of several troubling earthquakes in areas hitherto calculated safe from earthquakes indicates that the build environment in the country is tremendously fragile and our capacity to get ready ourselves and efficiently respond to earthquakes is derisory. through the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) experiential by the United Nations (UN) in the 1990s, India witness several earthquakes like the Uttarkashi earthquake of 1991, the Latur earthquake of 1993, the Jabalpur earthquake of 1997, and the Chamoli earthquake of 1999. These were follow by the Bhuj earthquake of 26 January 2001 and the Jammu & Kashmir earthquake of 8 October 2005.

What is a Disaster?

A disaster is defined as a disruption on a massive scale, either natural or man-made, occurring in short or long periods. Disasters can lead to human, material, economic or environmental hardships, which can be beyond the bearable capacity of the affected society. As per statistics, India as a whole is vulnerable to 30 different types of disasters that will affect the economic, social, and human development potential to such an extent that it will have long-term effects on productivity and macro-economic performance.

Disasters can be classified into the following categories:

• Water and Climate Disaster: Flood, hail storms, cloudburst, cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, droughts, hurricanes. (Read about Cyclone Disaster Management separately at the linked article.)
• Geological Disaster: Landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes
• Biological Disaster: Viral epidemics, pest attacks, cattle epidemic, and locust plagues
• Industrial Disaster: Chemical and industrial accidents, mine shaft fires, oil spills,
• Nuclear Disasters: Nuclear core meltdowns, radiation poisoning
• Man-made disasters: Urban and forest fires, oil spill, the collapse of huge building structures

What is Disaster Management?

The Disaster Management Act of 2005 defines Disaster Management as an integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary for-

1. Prevention of threat of any disaster
2. Reduction of risk of any disaster or its consequences
3. Readiness to deal with any disaster
4. Promptness in dealing with a disaster
5. Assessing the severity of the effects of any disaster
6. Rescue and relief
7. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Agencies involved in Disaster Management

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):- The National Disaster Management Authority, or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, headed by the Prime Minister of India. It is responsible for the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
• National Executive Committee (NEC):- The NEC is composed of high profile ministerial members from the government of India that include the Union Home Secretary as Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the Government of India (GoI)like Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, etc. The NEC prepares the National Plan for Disaster Management as per the National Policy on Disaster Management.
• State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):- The Chief Minister of the respective state is the head of the SDMA.The State Government has a State Executive Committee (SEC) which assists the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) on Disaster Management.
• District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):- The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson. The DDMA ensures that the guidelines framed by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the departments of the State Government at the District level and the local authorities in the District.
• Local Authorities:- Local authorities would include Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and Cantonment 11 Institutional and Legal Arrangements Boards, and Town Planning Authorities which control and manage civic services.

Now let’s have a look at some of the types of disasters and the means to combat them.

Biological Disasters

Definition: The devastating effects caused by an enormous spread of a certain kind of living organism that may spread disease, viruses, or an infestation of plant, animal, or insect life on an epidemic or pandemic level.

1. Epidemic Level – Indicates a disaster that affects many people in a given area or community.
2. Pandemic Level – Indicates a disaster that affects a much larger region, sometimes an entire continent or even the whole planet. For example, the recent H1N1 or Swine Flu pandemic.

Biological Disasters – Important points to remember for UPSC

1. The nodal Ministry for handling epidemics– Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Decision-making
• Advisory body
• Emergency medical relief providing

2. The primary responsibility of dealing with biological disastersis with the State Governments. (Reason – Health is a State Subject).
3. The nodal agency for investigating outbreaks– National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD)
4. Nodal ministry for Biological Warfare– Ministry of Home Affairs (Biological warfare is the use of biological agents as an act of war)

Biological Disasters – Classifications

Charles Baldwin developed the symbol for biohazard in 1966.

The US Centres for Disease Control classifies biohazards into four biosafety levels as follows:

1. BSL-1: Bacteria and Viruses including Bacillus subtilis, some cell cultures, canine hepatitis, and non-infectious bacteria. Protection is only facial protection and gloves.
2. BSL-2: Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting such as hepatitis A, B, C, mumps, measles, HIV, etc. Protection – use of autoclaves for sterilizing and biological safety cabinets.
3. BSL-3: Bacteria and viruses causing severe to fatal disease in humans. Example: West Nile virus, anthrax, MERS coronavirus. Protection – Stringent safety protocols such as the use of respirators to prevent airborne infection.
4. BSL-4: Potentially fatal (to human beings) viruses like Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa fever virus, etc. Protection – use of a positive pressure personnel suit, with a segregated air supply.

Legislations for prevention of Biohazards in India

The following legislations have been enacted in India for the prevention of biohazards and implementation of protective, eradicative and containing measures when there is an outbreak:

1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
2. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
3. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Rules (1986)
4. Disaster Management Act 2005, provides for the institutional and operational framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, response, preparedness, and recovery at all levels.

Prevention of Biological Hazards

The basic measure to prevent and control biohazards is the elimination of the source of contamination. Some of the prevention methods are as follows:

Preventive Measures for workers in the field (Medical)

1. Engineering controls – to help prevent the spread of such disasters including proper ventilation, installing negative pressure, and usage of UV lamps.
2. Personal hygiene – washing hands with liquid soap, proper care for clothes that have been exposed to a probably contaminated environment.
3. Personal protection equipment – masks, protective clothing, gloves, face shield, eye shield, shoe covers.
4. Sterilization – Using ultra heat or high pressure to eliminate bacteria or using biocide to kill microbes.
5. Respiratory protection – surgical masks, respirators, powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR), air-supplying respirators.

Prevention of Biological Hazards (Environmental Management)

Safe water supply, proper maintenance of sewage pipelines – to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, etc.

Awareness of personal hygiene and provision for washing, cleaning, bathing, avoiding overcrowding, etc.

Vector control:

Environmental engineering work and generic integrated vector control measures.

Water management, not permitting water to stagnate and collect and other methods to eliminate breeding places for vectors.

Regular spraying of insecticides, outdoor fogging, etc. for controlling vectors.

Controlling the population of rodents.

Post-disaster Epidemics Prevention

The risk of epidemics is increased after any biological disaster.

Integrated Disease Surveillance Systems (IDSS) monitors the sources, modes of diseases spreading, and investigates the epidemics.

Detection and Containment of Outbreaks

This consists of four steps as given under:

1. Recognizing and diagnosing by primary healthcare practitioners.
2. Communicating surveillance information to public health authorities.
3. Epidemiological analysis of surveillance data
4. Public health measures and delivering proper medical treatment.

Legal Framework for Biological Disasters

1. The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in the year 1897. (Read about RSTV’s In-Depth Analysis on Epidemic Diseases Act 1897 in the linked article.)
2. This Act does not provide any power to the centre to intervene in biological emergencies.
3. It has to be substituted by an Act that takes care of the prevailing and foreseeable public health needs including emergencies such as BT attacks and the use of biological weapons by an adversary, cross-border issues, and international spread of diseases.
4. It should give enough powers to the central and state governments and local authorities to act with impunity, notify affected areas, restrict movement or quarantine the affected area, enter any premises to take samples of suspected materials, and seal them.
5. The Act should also establish controls over biological sample transfer, biosecurity and biosafety of materials/laboratories.

Institutional Framework

In the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW), public health needs to be accorded high priority with a separate Additional Directorate General of Health and Sanitation (DGHS) for public health. In some states, there is a separate department of public health. States that do not have such arrangements will also have to take initiatives to establish such a department.

Operational Framework

At the national level, there is no policy on biological disasters. The existing contingency plan of MoH&FW is about 10 years old and needs extensive revision. All components related to public health, namely apex institutions, field epidemiology, surveillance, teaching, training, research, etc., need to be strengthened.

At the operational level, Command and Control (C&C) are identifiable clearly at the district level, where the district collector is vested with certain powers to requisition resources, notify a disease, inspect any premises, seek help from the Army, state or center, enforce quarantine, etc. However, there is no concept of an incident command system wherein the entire action is brought under the ambit of an incident commander with support from the disciplines of logistics, finance, and technical teams, etc. There is an urgent need for establishing an incident command system in every district.

There is a shortage of medical and paramedical staff at the district and sub-district levels. There is also an acute shortage of public health specialists, epidemiologists, clinical microbiologists, and virologists.

Biosafety laboratories are required for the prompt diagnosis of the agents for the effective management of biological disasters. There is no BSL-4 laboratory in the human health sector. BSL- 3 laboratories are also limited. Major issues remain regarding biosecurity, the indigenous capability of preparing diagnostic reagents, and quality assurance.

Lack of an Integrated Ambulance Network (IAN). There is no ambulance system with advanced life-support facilities that are capable of working in biological disasters.

State-run hospitals have limited medical supplies. Even in normal situations, a patient has to buy medicines. There is a lack of stockpile of drugs, important vaccines like anthrax vaccine, PPE, or diagnostics for surge capacity. In a crisis, there is further incapacitation due to tedious procurement procedures.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):- The command and supervision of the NDRF would be under the Director-General of Civil Defence and National Disaster Response Force selected by the Central Government. Currently, the NDRF comprises of eight battalions who will be positioned at different locations as per the requirements.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Proper planning and mitigation measures can play a leading role in risk-prone areas to minimize the worst effects of hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and cyclones. These are the key areas which should be addressed to achieve this objective:

• Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping: Mapping and vulnerability analysis in a multi-risk structure will be conducted utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) based databases like the National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM) and National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI).
• Increasing Trend of Disasters in Urban Areas:- Steps to prevent unplanned urbanization must be undertaken, with the plan of action formulated being given the highest priority. State Governments/UTs concerned on the other hand focus on urban drainage systems with special attention on non-obstruction of natural drainage systems.
• Critical Infrastructure:- Critical infrastructure like roads, dams, bridges, irrigation canals, bridges, power stations, railway lines, delta water distribution networks, ports and river, and coastal embankments should be continuously checked for safety standards concerning worldwide safety benchmarks and fortified if the current measures prove to be inadequate.
• Environmentally Sustainable Development:– Environmental considerations and developmental efforts, should be handled simultaneously for ensuring sustainability.
• Climate Change Adaptation:-. The challenges of the increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters like cyclones, floods, and droughts should be tackled in a sustained and effective manner with the promotion of strategies for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.

To figure up;, we can say that;, an growing need is being felt for orderly, holistic and integrated exertion to address the dangerous areas of concern dependable for the weak seismic safety measures ; & formulating an “Earthquake Management Plan” covering all aspects like earthquake attentiveness, mitigation, public alertness, capacity building, guidance, education, Research and Development (R&D), documentation, earthquake reaction, cure and recovery with a negligible loss of life and damage to belongings, assets and transportation.

Compiled  & Shared by- Team, LITD (Livestock Institute of Training & Development)

 Image-Courtesy-Google

 Reference-On Request.