Epidemiology and Control of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV): A Review
Juli Chakma1, Divyaprakash R. Choravada2
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PhD scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar.
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PhD scholar, Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar.
Abstract
This review focuses on the epidemiology and control of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV), an important viral pathogen causing a highly contagious disease in small ruminants. We present a comprehensive analysis of key research articles to provide insights into the Asian lineage of PPRV in Africa, species associations, seasonal variations, geographic distribution, diagnostic techniques, and control strategies. Additionally, the genetic diversity, complete genome sequencing, and emergence of new lineages are discussed. The review concludes with an overview of the challenges and advances in vaccine development and the evolutionary genetics underlying the spread of PPRV.
Introduction
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease that primarily affects small ruminants, including goats and sheep, and has significant socio-economic impacts on livestock farming communities worldwide. This review begins by highlighting the study by Kwiatek et al. (2011), which investigates the presence of the Asian lineage of PPRV in Africa, emphasizing the global distribution and spread of the virus. Furthermore, the association of PPRV infection with species, seasonal variations, and geographic factors is explored based on the study conducted by Abubakar et al. (2015). The paper by Bao et al. (2017) is discussed, which reports the complete genome sequence of a PPRV variant recovered from an alpine musk deer in China, shedding light on the potential reservoir hosts and interspecies transmission.
Methods
To provide a comprehensive overview, key studies focusing on the rapid and sensitive detection of PPRV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are analyzed based on the work of Couacy-Hymann et al. (2002). The study by Woma et al. (2016) is cited to highlight the detection and characterization of PPRV lineages III and IV from goats in Nigeria, contributing to our understanding of the genetic diversity of the virus.
Results
The geographic distribution and epidemiology of PPRV are explored based on the study by Shaila et al. (1996), which provides insights into the global spread and impact of the disease. The PPR outbreak in Tajikistan, as reported by Kwiatek et al. (2007), serves as an example of the transboundary nature of the virus and the challenges associated with disease control in vulnerable regions. The study by Munir et al. (2016) highlights the emerging threat of PPRV to goat farming in Pakistan, emphasizing the need for effective control measures.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the epidemiology and control of PPRV, highlighting the importance of understanding the viral lineage, species associations, seasonal variations, geographic distribution, and diagnostic techniques. The paper also emphasizes the need for robust control strategies, including the development of effective vaccines. The study by Mahapatra et al. (2015) is discussed, providing insights into the advancements in vaccine development against PPRV. Finally, the evolutionary genetics underlying the spread of PPRV, as presented in the study by Libeau et al. (2010), are discussed, highlighting the importance of genetic surveillance and monitoring for effective disease control.
References
Kwiatek, O., Ali, Y. H., Saeed, I. K., Khalafalla, A. I., Mohamed, O. I., Obeida, A. A., … & Libeau, G. (2011). Asian lineage of peste des petits ruminants virus, Africa. Emerging infectious diseases, 17(7), 1223-1231.
Abubakar, M., Jamal, S. M., Arshed, M. J., Hussain, M., & Ali, Q. (2015). Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection; its association with species, seasonal variations and geography. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47(2), 321-328.
Bao, J., Wang, Q., Parida, S., Liu, C., Zhang, L., Zhao, W., … & Wang, Z. (2017). Complete genome sequence of a peste des petits ruminants virus recovered from an alpine musk deer in China. Genome announcements, 5(26), e00495-17.
Couacy-Hymann, E., Roger, F., Hurard, C., Guillou, J. P., Libeau, G., & Diallo, A. (2002). Rapid and sensitive detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a polymerase chain reaction assay. Journal of Virological Methods, 100(1-2), 17-25.
Woma, T. Y., Adombi, C. M., Yu, D., Qasim, A. M., Sabi, A. A., Maurice, N. A., … & Dundon, W. G. (2016). Peste des petits ruminants virus lineages III and IV from goats in Nigeria. Virus Genes, 52(1), 105-108.
Shaila, M. S., Shamaki, D., Forsyth, M. A., Diallo, A., Goatley, L., Kitching, R. P., & Barrett, T. (1996). Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants viruses. Virus Research, 43(2), 149-153.
Kwiatek, O., Minet, C., Grillet, C., Hurard, C., Carlsson, E., Karimov, B., … & Diallo, A. (2007). Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) outbreak in Tajikistan. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 136(2-3), 111-119.
Munir, M., Zohari, S., Berg, M., Vishal, B., Mishra, N., & Shabbir, M. Z. (2016). Peste des petits ruminants virus: an emerging threat to goat farming in Pakistan. Veterinary Microbiology, 192, 228-236.
Mahapatra, M., Parida, S., & Baron, M. D. (2015). Vaccines against peste des petits ruminants virus. Expert Review of Vaccines, 14(10), 1255-1264.
Libeau, G., Diallo, A., Parida, S., & Barrett, T. (2010). Evolutionary genetics underlying the spread of peste des petits ruminants virus. Animal Frontiers, 1(1), 14-20.
