Feeding of Livestock with Milling By-Products and its Nutritive Value
A.Yasotha
Department of Livestock Production Management
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Udumalpet-642126
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Author for Correspondence: dryasotha@gmail.com
Majority of the by-products make up about one fourth of the cattle ration, one-seventh of the growing and fattening swine ration and one third of the poultry ration. They are important in feeding of livestock. Almost every food industry supplies some by products as animal feed, but the most important sources are the milling of grain, the processing of oilseeds, the fermentation of grains and molasses. The commonly used by product feeds are grouped here according to their origin.
1. WHEAT MILLING BY-PRODUCTS
Wheat bran
Bran has a great capacity to absorb moisture/water and enlarge because of its fibre and non-starch carbohydrates. It has a bulk effect in the colon and provides laxative properties
Nutritive value
The crude protein level is 13-16% and TDN 65-70%. The bran is superior to wheat as it has amino acid balance. It holds high phosphorus content and low calcium. Though much of the phosphorus exists as phytate phosphorus, rumen microorganism can digest phytate phosphorus.
https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/feed-formulation-of-ration-for-cattle-buffalo/
Wheat middlings
It is a very common ingredient in cattle feeds. Midds are a by-product of the flour milling industry comprising many grades of granular particles containing totally different proportions of endosperm, bran and germ.
Nutritive value
It has the energy value of barley 96% and corn91%
2. RICE MILLING BY-PRODUCTS
Rice bran de-oiled
Rice bran is a major by-product in areas where rice is cultivated. Raw rice bran contains 13-19% oil which is removed by solvent extraction process which leads to production of deoiled rice bran.
Nutritive value
The crude protein varies from 13-16% and TDN 55-65%. It is a good source of proteins, vitamins and minerals. It has better absorption of lysine and methionine, compared to other cereal grains, including maize and wheat. It has high phosphorus (1.30%) content and low calcium content. Though much of the phosphorus exists as phytate phosphorus, rumen microorganism can digest phytate phosphorus.
Deleterious factors
The digestibility is low because rice bran contains hulls which are high in silica
Rice polish / Raw rice bran
Rice polish is a by-product of rice obtained through milling operation of polishing the grain to refine the kernel.
Nutritive value
The crude protein ranges from 13-16%, oil content 13-19% and TDN 70-90%. Rice polish supplies TDN similar to that of maize. It is a good source of proteins, energy, vitamins and minerals. All other characters are similar to de-oiled rice bran.
Deleterious factors
Rice polish contains factors that promote rancidity, particularly in the warm humid climatic conditions that favour auto-oxidation.
- BARLEY BY-PRODUCTS
Brewer’s Grain
Brewer’s grain is the residual material that is left after grains have been fermented during the beer making process. These materials can be fed in un-dried form (wet brewer’s grains) or dried (dried brewer’s grains) and fed. The nutritional content of the material will vary from plant to plant and depending upon the type of substrate being used such as barley, wheat, corn, etc.
Nutritive value
Dried brewer’s grains contain 27-30% protein,24%ADF and 65% TDN. They are an excellent supply of prime quality bypass protein and digestible fiber. Dried brewer’s grains contain amino acid, mineral and B-vitamin contents. Lysine is normally the most limiting amino acid and it is a good source of water soluble vitamins.
Inclusion level
It is suggested to include 30-40% of the ration for dairy cows. The wet brewer’s grains are commonly fed fresh, however will be ensiled. If ensiled, the quality of the resultant silage can be improved by adding a readily fermentable carbohydrate source that will speed up the fermentation rate, which results in more acids being produced and a more stable silage.
4. GRAIN DISTILLING BY-PRODUCTS
Grains are fermented and distilled to yield ethanol or acetone butanol. The by-products from grain distilleries vary in chemical composition according to the type of grain and the process employed. The most commonly used grains are rye, wheat and maize.
Distiller’s spent grain
Distiller’s spent grain is not as palatable as brewer’s spent grain, but it contains more crude protein and less fibre. It can be fed fresh, ensiled or dried by the same method and in the same quantities as brewer’s grain. Distiller’s spent grain with distiller’s solubles has been included up to 15% in diets with no change in performance. The addition of calcium carbonate to the diet (40g for cows and 10g for sheep/day) increases the digestibility of distiller’s spentgrain.
Distiller’s solubles
Distiller’s solubles are valued for their growth factors and as a source of B-vitamins.
It is doubtful whether distiller’s solubles promote growth in cattle, but it has been claimed that they contain a rumen-stimulating factor that increases cellulose digestion. The use of distiller’s solubles as the major source of protein has been less successful owing to their poor palatability. Nevertheless, they have been included up to 20% in calf starters.
5. CHUNIES
The compound consists primarily of the broken pieces of endosperm including germ and a portion of husks obtained as by-product during the processing of pulse grains for human consumption. The compound is valued as a concentrate feed comparatively low in fibre and more in energy and protein content comparison with roughage
Nutritive value
The CP value of chunies varies from 15-20% and TDN value ranges from 55-65%.
https://www.nddb.coop/sites/default/files/pdfs/Animal-Nutrition-booklet.pdf
REFERENCES
NDDB, 2012. Nutritive value of commercially available feeds and fodders in India. Animal nutrition group. National Dairy development Board, Anand. Gujarat.
Arora,S.P. 1997. Feeding of dairy cattle and buffaloes. 3 rd Edition. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi
ICAR, 2019. Hand book of animal husbandry. Fifth reprint of fourth revised Edition, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
