Haemorrhagic Septicemia: A Swift and Lethal Animal Disease
Apurv Kaushik1 and Sapna Sharma2
1Teaching Associate, DUVASU, Mathura
2Corresponding author, Teaching Associate, DUVASU, Mathura Email: sapna.perfect@gmail.com
Abstract: Haemorrhagic septicemia is a severe bacterial disease that affects various domestic and wild animals, causing significant economic losses in livestock industries worldwide. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for haemorrhagic septicaemia. By understanding the complexities of this disease, stakeholders can enhance their ability to control and prevent its occurrence, ultimately safeguarding animal health and industry sustainability.
Keywords: Galghotu, Biosecurity, PCR
Introduction: Haemorrhagic septicemia also known as “Galghotu” is a severe bacterial disease that poses a significant threat to a wide range of animals, including livestock and wildlife. It is primarily caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, Gram-negative bacterium, known for its ability to trigger rapid and devastating infections. The disease earns its name from the hallmark symptom of internal and external bleeding, which stems from the bacterium’s ability to damage blood vessels and provoke inflammation. Haemorrhagic septicemia is a highly contagious and often fatal bacterial disease. The disease affects a wide range of animal species, including cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, pigs, and occasionally humans, posing a significant threat to both animal health and global food security.
Pathogenesis: The pathogenesis of Haemorrhagic septicemia involves several intricate steps. Following inhalation or ingestion of contaminated material, P. multocida colonizes the upper respiratory tract and enters the bloodstream, leading to septicemia. The bacterium produces toxins and other virulence factors that contribute to tissue damage, vascular disruption, and widespread inflammation. The hallmark of the disease is the development of acute localized or systemic hemorrhages, particularly in lymph nodes, lungs, and various internal organs.
When Blood Runs Wild: As the name suggests, Haemorrhagic septicemia is marked by a grim sight—bleeding. Blood vessels become fragile, giving rise to internal bleeding, sometimes leading to sudden, unexplained deaths. Mucous membranes and skin may also be stained by red patches, a grim reminder of the havoc the bacterium wreaks on the body.
Transmission and Impact: The transmission of Haemorrhagic septicemia occurs through inhalation or ingestion of contaminated materials. Once inside the body, P. multocida rapidly multiplies and spreads through the bloodstream. The bacterium’s virulence factors contribute to tissue damage, vascular disruption, and a systemic inflammatory response. The resulting bleeding, particularly in the lungs, lymph nodes, and internal organs, can lead to severe illness and sudden death.
Clinical Presentation: Clinical signs of Haemorrhagic septicemia can vary depending on the species affected and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include high fever, rapid and laboured breathing, nasal discharge, depression, reluctance to move, and swollen lymph nodes. Haemorrhagic lesions may be observed on mucous membranes, along with petechiae and ecchymoses on the skin. In severe cases, sudden death can occur before clinical signs become apparent.
The Diagnostic Puzzle: Unmasking this disease isn’t a walk in the park. Veterinarians play detective by employing a range of methods, from isolating the bacteria to genetic tests that reveal the bacterial strain’s secrets. Quick and accurate diagnosis is pivotal for containing outbreaks, protecting animals, and ensuring public health. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for disease control and prevention. Various diagnostic methods are available, including bacterial isolation and identification, serological tests, and molecular techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Serotyping and genotyping of P. multocida strains aid in understanding the epidemiology and virulence profiles of different isolates.
Arming Against the Threat: In this ongoing battle, vaccination is our armor. By fortifying animals’ immune systems, we can reduce the severity of infections and halt the spread of the disease. But it’s not just about injections; biosecurity measures like quarantine and hygiene practices play a crucial role in stopping the bacterium in its tracks.
Haemorrhagic Septicemia Vaccination Schedule for Cattle: Haemorrhagic septicemia is a serious bacterial disease that can lead to significant losses in cattle herds. Vaccination is a crucial tool to prevent and control this disease. Here’s a recommended vaccination schedule for cattle:
- Initial Vaccination:
- Calves should receive their first vaccination at around 3 to 6 months of age, depending on local disease prevalence and the availability of vaccines.
- Use a vaccine that provides protection against the prevalent strains of Pasteurella multocida.
- A combination vaccine that includes protection against other common respiratory diseases is often recommended.
- Booster Vaccination:
- Administer a booster shot 3 to 4 weeks after the initial vaccination to enhance the calf’s immune response.
- This booster helps ensure the development of strong and lasting immunity against Haemorrhagic septicemia.
- Annual Revaccination:
- Provide annual revaccination to maintain a robust immune response and continuous protection.
- Annual vaccinations are crucial, especially in regions where the disease is endemic or poses a high risk.
- Consideration for High-Risk Situations:
- In areas with a history of Haemorrhagic septicemia outbreaks or where cattle are at higher risk due to factors like stress, overcrowding, or poor hygiene, a more frequent vaccination schedule might be necessary.
- Consult with a veterinarian to determine the appropriate vaccination frequency based on the specific risk factors in your region.
- Pregnant Cows:
- Pregnant cows should be vaccinated to ensure the passive transfer of immunity to their calves through colostrum.
- Administer the vaccine to pregnant cows a few weeks before calving to ensure that adequate antibodies are transferred to the newborn calves.
- Quarantine and New Additions:
- Any new cattle introduced to the herd should be properly quarantined and vaccinated before mixing with the rest of the animals.
- This practice helps prevent the introduction and spread of diseases, including Haemorrhagic septicemia.
- Monitoring and Surveillance:
- Regularly monitor the health of the herd for any signs of illness or disease.
- Work closely with a veterinarian to conduct periodic health checks and adjust the vaccination schedule if necessary.
Conclusion: Haemorrhagic septicemia remains a significant challenge in the livestock industry and poses a threat to animal health and food security. A comprehensive understanding of the disease’s pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management strategies is crucial for reducing its impact. Collaborative efforts between veterinarians, researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders are essential to effectively control and prevent Haemorrhagic septicemia outbreaks on a global scale.
