INDIAN COWS, COWPATHY AND IMMUNOMODULATION
R.S. Chauhan
Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences GB Pant University of Agri. &Tech Pantnagar-263145 Uttarakhand Profchauhan58@gmail.com
Indigenous cow is considered as sacred in Indian literature because its products like urine, dung, milk, curd and butter has many wonderful medicinal properties. Among these products cow urine has recently caught the attention of the researchers and a lot of work is going on its medicinal properties. Cow urine is found to have bioenhancing properties, i.e. it adds to the effect of antibiotics when used in combination. It is can be used as an alternative to the antibiotics in feed additives. Cow urine has antioxidant properties; it can prevent the damage to DNA caused by the environmental stress. It has been found to be a very good immunoenhancer. And interestingly these properties have been found only in the urine of indigenous cow not in the urine of other species like buffalo, goat or not even in cross bred cows. Indigenous cow urine distillate from Badri cow, Gangatiri cow, Sahiwal cow and Gir cow showed promising results on immunomodulation in in vivo experiments carried out in mice, rats and rabbits. All parameters of immunity including total leucocyte count, absolute lymphocyte count, absolute neutrophil count, serum proteins, serum globulins, serum gammaglobulins,, serum IgG titer, B- and T- lymphocyte blastogenesis assays, DTH reaction, macrophage function assays, gross and histopathological examination of lymphoid organs were indicative of immunomodulatory effects of cow urine distillate. Even in another experiments, it has been observed that the cow urine distillate also minimizes the harmful effects of pesticides and restored the proper immune functions.
Keywords: Cowpathy, cow urine distillate, Indian cow, immunomodulation.
Cowpathy
Panchgavya chikitsa is an age old system of medicine described in ancient Indian literature ‘Ayurveda’ and now it is known as ‘cowpathy’ means the therapy of human ailments through cow products. However, Cowpathy is different from Panchgavya as it also include cow cuddling, Backrub, Gau grass, Gauseva, and living with cow besides, Panchgavya products milk, curd, ghee, urine and dung. Since the cowpathy practice is to increase the aura of an individual, it prevents from many ailments and infections. In Ayurvedic system, the medicines are prepared either from plants or from animals besides the use of certain metals. The Ayurvedic medicines of animal origin are mainly prepared from indigenous cow products such as urine, dung, milk, curd and ghee. Medicinal use of cow urine has been in practice since time immemorial in India. The Panchgavya principle of Ayurveda consists of cow urine besides other products like milk, ghee, butter milk (matha), dung as its main ingredients. The preliminary studies on immunomodulation with cow urine generated interest among the scientists. The cow urine distillate (Kamdhenu Ark) was found to increase immunity in mice. It also increases the phagocytic activity of macrophages and secretion of interleukin 1 and 2. Recently, the cow urine has also been granted US patent for its synergistic properties with antibiotics and as bioenhancer. It provided the base for further research and detailed studies on immunomodulatory properties of indigenous cow urine and its comparison with the urine of cross bred and exotic cows, buffaloes and goat using modern biotechnological tools. As per an estimate by WHO, in near future, the antibiotics will no more be wonder drugs. Then in such situation, cowpathy will play a major role in prevention and control of infections in man and animal. It is an established fact that most of the antibiotic drugs have lost their capacity by way of increased resistance in bacteria.
Indian Cow
The indigenous cattle, scientifically called as Bos indicus or as Zebu cattle, mainly inhabitat the Indian subcontinent. It is thought to be world’s oldest domesticated cattle. Historically also it is now proved by the fact that humped cattle remains were found in Mohanjodaro site of Indus Valley indicating their presence in India even before the arrival of Aryans. Presently, cow rearing is an important source of income and an enterprise which enables poor and landless farmers to earn income using common property resources and land. The cattle are fed on crop residues and farm produce by products that would otherwise be wasted, and as such there is no food competition with human beings.
Cow Urine Distillate (CUD)
Cow urine has many beneficial properties particularly in the area of agriculture and therapeutics. It has also been observed in scientific research that the urine of Indian cows is highly effective as compare to the urine of other species. It is a good biopesticide and also effective against many diseased including cancer. It is a very potent immunoenhancer. In ‘Sushrita Samhita’ and Ashtanga Sangraha’ cow urine has been described as the most effective substance/secretion of animal origin with innumerable therapeutic values (Dhama et al., 2005). Urine of cow contains all the beneficial elements so it is natural and universal medicine that fulfills the deficiency of the elements in the body. Cow urine contains 24 types of salts and the medicines made from cow urine are capable of curing even the most incurable diseases. Cow urine contains 95% water, 2.5% urea, and 2.5% minerals, salts, hormones and enzymes. It contains iron, calcium, phosphorus, salts, carbonic acid, potash, nitrogen, ammonia, manganese, sulfur, phosphate, potassium, urea, uric acid, amino acids, enzymes, cytokines, lactose etc. Cytokines and amino acids many play a role in immunoenhancement.
Most of the medicines are made by distilling urine and collecting vapors known as ark or distillate. A number of ailments could be treated and his is being used even for the most threatening diseases like cancer, AIDS, diabetes and skin problems. Cow urine is also antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antineoplastic, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic and still non- toxic. It is also beneficial in conditions like flu, sinus, allergy, cold, ear infection, rheumatoid arthritis, aging, bacterial/viral infection, snake bites, chemical intoxication, chicken pox, enteritis, constipation, edema, baldness, hepatitis, leprosy, hypertension, burns, tuberculosis, asthma, tetanus, Parkinson disease, small pox, obesity, gastric ulcers, depression, heart diseases, morning sickness, fever, eczema fatigue etc. It is also used as diuretic, laxative and for treatment of chronic malaria, headache and fever. It is a proven universal cure for the blood disorders, leucorrhoea and even leprosy. The urine of cow is bitter, pungent, piquant, spicy, warm, and full of all the five elixirs. In India drinking of cow urine is in practice since thousands of years and now it has also been demonstrated experimentally that it is one of the best natural medicines in the universe.
Outside the India, there is no research work reported in literature as far as the cowpathy or medicinal properties of cow urine are concerned. However, there is a US patent issued to inventors vide on. 6410059 dated 25.6.2002 on a pharmaceutical composition comprising of an antibiotic and cow urine distillate in an amount effective to enhance antimicrobial effect of antibiotics. In India, the ancient literature including Ayurveda, Charak Samhita, Susrut Samhita etc. have description on Panchgavya therapy that includes cow urine, milk ghee and dung. The Panchgavya therapy though an age old system of medicine is not given due importance in modern science. However, there are scanty reports of therapeutic use of cow urine or other Panchgavya materials to cure human and animal ailments. Immunomodulatory properties of cow urine distillate in mice were reported with an increase in humoral and cellular immunity of 45% and 59%, respectively, in mice treated with cow urine. The parameters used to assess immunity were B-lymphocyte blastogenesis, T-lymphocyte blastogenesis, serum IgG and IgM levels. The cow urine also stimulated the production of interleukin 1 and 2 by 16% and 21%, respectively, from peripheral blood leucocytes of mice. The phagocytic activity of macrophages was enhanced by 27% in mice treated with cow urine in comparison to controls. Panchgavya is considered as a wonder formulation which requires scientific validation using modern biotechnological tools in order to increase its acceptance in the society. The cow urine distillate was also found to be a good immunostimulant in comparison to Vasant Kusmakar in mice. The cow urine was given orally to a female patient having intestinal cancer for a period of 4 months, and it provided relief to the patient by reducing the motions, hemorrhage and increased activity of the patient. Distilled cow urine has been found to increase the humoral immunity in rats. Lymphocytes proliferation in response to mitogen in the developing chick embryo increased with the use of cow urine. This means that immune system developed at an early stage and embryonic mortality can be decreased with the use of cow urine. Urine of red hill cow, found in Uttaranchal state and characterized as Badri cow has been found to be most potent immunostimulator as compared with the urine from other animals including indigenous cow (Sahiwal), goats, buffalo (Murah), cross bred cow (Sahiwal x Red Sindhi) and exotic cows (HF). It was observed that urine of cross bred, exotic cow and buffalo has no immunomodulatory effect. Cow urine given to the poultry birds in water as an alternative to antibiotics demonstrated excellent immuno-modulatory properties in addition to the increase in the egg production and egg quality of the layer birds. In another important study effect of cow urine on the lymphocytes damaged by pesticides was observed. It was found that cow urine decreases the apoptosis caused by the heavy metals in avian lymphocytes. Thus, corroborating to some extent with the findings that cow urine help in repair of broken DNA. The antioxidant properties of cow urine distillate have been reported which also protects DNA and repairs it rapidly. The cow urine distillate protected the chromosomal aberrations caused by mitomycin- C in human leucocyte culture. Similarly, cow urine was found to be a very good antioxidant. Cow urine has a high antioxidant status as indicated by its ability to destroy the free radicals. If we look into the fact of apoptosis, it starts with fragmentation of nucleic acid (DNA) into oligonucleotides of 200-300 bp. Several studies carried out by the authors and others at Pantnagar, NEERI Nagpur, CIMAP Lucknow, AIIMS New Delhi are suggestive of its properties to repair damaged DNA and thereby protecting cells from suicidal activity enhanced due to pesticides/any other harmful chemical residues.
In India, the use of Cowpathy and herbal formulations is much more popular since the ancient times because of their easy accessibility, more effectiveness and are free from undesirable side effects. The consumption of herbal compounds is rapidly growing worldwide as an alternative therapy(Though the Ayurveda is the original and traditional therapy) to relieve a variety of health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, down regulated immune functions and even certain types of cancer. Presently, the attention is being paid to investigating the health effects of Cowpathy formulation G4LB11E in Wistar rats for a period of 90 days. During the experiment all the treated rats were in condition of well being and healthy as compared to the control rats. The body weight of test group rats were in positive balance. Also the hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, TEC, TLC, ALC and ANC were increased from a normal range which is indicative of overall good health and free from wide range of disorders, including anaemia, infection and weakness. By supplementing the herbal formulation, biochemical parameters like TSP, SA, SG, SGG were increased under normal range which suggests that the rats were adequately nourished and in healthy state. The level of serum creatinine and liver function enzyme i.e., AST and ALT was reduced in test rats which indicates organ like kidney and liver work properly and efficiently on herbal formulation consumption. Various immunological parameters were also studied during the experiment to investigate the effect of herbal formulation on immune response of the body. Increased value of mean HI titre and mean antibody titre by ELISA in test group revealed elevated humoral immunity in test group. During the lymphocyte stimulation test, elevation in Δ OD in splenocytes was observed by using Con-A, PHA-M and LPS mitogens in the test rats. The results denote the lympho protective effect of herbal formulation to both mature and immature T and B lymphocytes. Consequently, the present experimental study suggests that the herbal formulation exhibits overall beneficial health effects in Wistar rats even in short period of duration. In delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) increase in the thickness of the DNFB sensitized skin and in macrophage function test increase in NBT positive cells were indicative of enhanced cell mediated immunity as a result of supplementation of Cowpathy formulation.
The immunosuppressive effect of environmental pollutants on animals and man is not yet fully investigated. Many pollutants do affect the immune system slowly and slowly and after a longer period or even after many generations, the resistance of body gets lowered and the individual becomes more susceptible to various infectious diseases. In spite of vaccination and good managemental conditions, disease outbreaks do occur in population exposed to environmental pollutants. New disease outbreaks occur due to poor defense of the host which is also attributed to the occurrence of cancers. It has been observed that in many states where heavy doses of agrochemicals were used in agriculture, the occurrence of new diseases and / or cancer morbidity and mortality increased significantly. Keeping such situations in mind , it has been thought to carryout research studies on such herbs/ cowpathy systems which can enhance the immunity to an optimum level; hence, this programme has been planned to study Badri cow urine distillate and Tulsi ark in combination of 2:1 for their immunity boosting properties in rats for a period of 60 days. A total of 12 Wistar rats were randomly divided in 2 groups i.e. control and test group containing 6 rats each. The control group rats were provided normal feed and ration with RO water ad libitum. Besides, the test group rats were given Badri cow urine distillate and Tulsi ark through oral gavage for a period of 60 days. Blood samples from all the rats of both control and test group were collected at day 60 post treatment for hematological, serum biochemical and humoral and cell mediated immunity study. Body weight of rats of treated groups were having 28.3% higher than the control rats after 60 days of treatment with Badri cow urine and Tulsi ark. The hematology profile revealed increased values of TEC, hemoglobin and PCV by 31.2, 27.7 and 28.1%, respectively in comparison to controls. While the indices of blood values like MCV, MCH and MCHC on calculation were having minor alterations of -2.3 to 2.7% only. The white blood cell counts were increased significantly by 169.3% in treated rats from the controls; similarly the absolute lymphocyte and neutrophil counts were increased by 207.6 and 29.0%, respectively. The serum biochemistry analysis revealed an increase in total protein, globulin and gamma-globulin contents by 19.4, 118.0 and 184.3%, respectively while albumin content was recorded decreased by 32.7% leading to decreased A:G ratio by 69.2% in treated rats in comparison to controls. Serum creatinine and glucose levels were lowered by 40.8 and 12.9%, respectively in treated rats while AST and ALT values were not altered significantly. The antigen specific antibody titer measured by HI and ELISA were observed increased by 23.5 and 26.4, respectively in treated rats in comparison to controls. Another indicator of humoral immunity was B-lymphocyte blastogenesis assay using LPS as mitogen was found to be increased 95.8% from controls; similarly the cell mediated immunity in Con-A and PHA-M stimulated cultures of splenocytes were increased 112.3 and 60.9%, respectively. Macrophage functions as a measurement of natural immunity was also enhanced in treated rats by 55.7% in comparison to controls. It can be concluded that this preparation of Badri cow urine and Tulsi ark in 2:1 will enhance the immunity non-specifically in animals which can protect them from any kind of infection.
Avian lymphocytes isolated from spleen were exposed to NOEL/103 dose of commercial formulation of ten different pesticides viz., cypermethrin, allethrin, captan, dimethoate, phorate, methyl parathion, mancozeb, propoxur, thiram and zineb and their immunosuppressive effects were analysed by lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA), cytokine assay and oxidative stress assay. Blastogenic capacity of both B & T lymphocytes was evaluated in the presence of mitogens, LPS and ConA, respectively. Levels of both IL-1 & IL- 2 were estimated by indirect sandwich ELISA. Oxidative stress assay was performed using Griess reagent to estimate NO production by avian cells. Immunomodulatory effects of cow urine were determined by B & T lymphocyte blastogenesis, estimating the IL-1 & IL-2 levels and NO concentration by above mentioned assays by exposing the avian lymphocytes to 1:100 dilution of cow urine distillate (CU). To determine the impact of cow urine on pesticide induced immunotoxicity avian lymphocytes were exposed to three different combination treatments of NOEL/103 dose of pesticide and 1:100 dilution of CU. To examine the ultrastructural alterations due to pesticide induced apoptosis, both SEM and TEM were conducted. Annexin-V binding assay was performed to detect the structural alterations in the cells undergoing apoptosis due to exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the surface of plasma membrane. Finally the genomic DNA from pesticides-exposed avian lymphocyte were isolated and analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis to detect the typical apoptotic ladder pattern revealing the hallmark biochemical alterations.
LPA in case of pesticides treated avian lymphocytes revealed significant reduction in both B & T cells blastogenesis in the presence of mitogens LPS and ConA, respectively, as compared to control cells. Cytokine assay revealed decreased levels of both IL-1 & IL-2 in pesticide treated cells when compared with control cells. There was an increase in NO concentration showing enhanced oxidative stress due to pesticide exposure as revealed by NO estimation using Greiss reagent. The immunopotentiating and antioxidant properties of CU were determined by B & T cell blastogenesis, IL-1 & IL-2 levels and NO concentration in CU treated avian lymphocytes. LPA revealed significant increase in B & T cells proliferation in the presence of LPS and ConA mitogens, respectively. There was an increase in IL-1 & IL-2 levels as revealed by indirect ELISA. Cow urine distillate treated cells showed reduction in NO concentration displaying its antioxidant properties.
The impact of CU on pesticide induced immunosuppressive effects was determined by LPA which revealed enhanced B & T cell blastogenesis, in general, in case of the cells exposed to combination treatments. Cells underwent combination treatments showed reduction in NO concentration as compared to only pesticide exposed cells suggesting counteraction of CU on pesticide induced oxidative stress. The electron microscopic studies revealed ultrastructural changes due to pesticide induced apoptosis. SEM displayed smoothing of cell membrane due to loss of microvilli, cell shrinkage, blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies. TEM distinctively revealed condensation of chromatin, fragmentation of nucleus, formation of apoptotic bodies and their phagocytosis by neighbouring cells. Pesticide treated cells exhibited typical brownish stain on the surface of cells undergoing apoptosis due to binding of Annexin- V to exposed phosphatidyl serine on the plasma membrane, revealing structural and biochemical alterations. Genomic DNA analysis of pesticide treated cells by agarose gel electrophoresis exhibited typical ladder pattern in 1.0 and 1.5 per cent agarose gels while control showed intact band revealing the molecular alterations due to pesticide induced apoptosis.
Immunodeficiency being an essential cause in decreasing resistance and increasing susceptibility to infection within the population should be checked. As in today’s scenario our lifestyle is exposing us to various chemicals that suppresses our immunity and thereby make us more prone to infections. Now we should devise a mechanism of a holistic approach consisting of our ancient Ayurveda, Naturopathy, Yoga, Cowpathy and modern allopathy; and it will be further better if the ancient knowledge proven on modern parameters is used without hesitation which may reduce morbidity and mortality. This will not only reduce the anxiety and tension in the community but also provide the confidence in the front line heath workers and boost their morale in the society. Ayurveda have several strong points in preventive care like scope of prevention is very large, no or very minimum side or after ill effects are seen. It also includes cowpathy which is an age old system of medicine described in ancient Indian literature and also known as ‘Panchgavya Chikitsa”. In order to reduce the immunodeficiency, some of the nutrients like vitamins, roughages, antioxidants, lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Ionophores, Carotenoids, Bioflavenoids, Omega-3 fatty acids, etc. and crude preparations of some microorganisms are also used which are necessary for the development of the body to improve the nonspecific and specific immunity.
In an another experiment, Gir cow urine distillate was found to exert its beneficial effects on immunity of rabbits. Both the wings of immunity i.e. humoral and cell mediated immunity were significantly enhanced due to Gir cow urine distillate including serum IgG titer, B- and T- lymphocyte blastogenesis assays, macrophage functions and DTH reaction.
Future prospects
Cow urine has immense potential of being used as an immunomodulator particularly along with antibiotics and/or vaccines in order to enhance their activity. However, its palatability in crude form as it is being prepared and marketed by several organizations, is not much accepted in the society. Therefore, the efforts are being made to prepare the dry form of cow urine without loosing its activity but changing the delivery system.
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source-International Veterinary Pathology Congress 2021 compedium
