INDICATIVE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASES (LSD) IN ANIMALS

By – Saumya Singh

BVSc & Ah 4^th Year

Topic – INDICATIVE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASES (LSD) IN ANIMALS

Ph. No. – 9119066104

Email address –ssaumy325@gmail.com

Introduction

• International Common Names English: Lumpy skin disease, Capripoxvirus, Yak pox
• English acronym: LSD Lumpy skin disease (LSD)
• Pox viral disease – Significant morbidity in cattle.
• Morbidity rate is 10 to 20% (OIE, 2021)
• Mortality rate is generally low (1-5%)
• Economic losses result from loss of condition, decreased milk production, abortions, infertility and damaged hides.

Distribution

• LSD is endemic in most African countries. LSD is thought to have originated in Zambia from where it spread to Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa.
• The first description of the clinical signs of LSD was in 1929 in Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) (Morris 1931)

Recently reported LSD outbreaks in our region include: Bangladesh (Jul 2019)

• India (Aug 2019)
• China (Aug 2019)
• Chines Taipei (July 2020)
• Vietnam (Oct. 2020)
• Bhutan(Oct,2020)
• Hong Kong (Nov, 2020)
• Nepal (Jul, 2020)

First reported to OIE from India 18/11/2019

Occurrence: 12/08/2019

Confirmation: 16/11/2019

• LSD virus is highly host specific and causes diseases only in cattle (Bos indicus and Bos taurus) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
• Holstein Friesian or crossbred cattle exhibiting higher morbidity and mortality due to LSD when compared with local zebu cattle
• Extensive serological surveys of wild ruminant species in Africa have not identified a wildlife reservoir of LSDV.
• LSDV is not zoonotic.

Management

1. LSD affected animals should be separated from healthy animals and shall be kept in strict isolation and monitoring under veterinary supervision.
2. Symptomatic treatment including the treatment of secondary infection (if any) shall be carried out during isolation of animal.
3. Based on the symptoms and clinical signs following is recommended:
4. Use of anti-inflammatory drugs (preferably non-steroids) to treat the inflammatory condition
5. Use of anti-histamine preparations/drugs to treat allergic conditions
6. Use of Paracetamol in case high fever is observed
7. In case of secondary bacterial infections like respiratory infections, skin infections antibiotics may also be used judiciously. The dose and duration of the antibiotics should be strictly adhered including advice to the owner to follow the withdrawal period for milk
8. Parental/oral multivitamins may also be given

Treatment

• There are no specific antiviral drugs available but supportive treatment can be given to the infected animals which include the treatment of the skin lesions and antibiotics against secondary skin infection and pneumonia, and some antiinflammatory drugs
• Treatment with enrofoxacin along with antihistaminics, NSAIDs, and Vit Bcomplex for 3-10 days depending upon the severity of cases was the most cost-effective as compared to other treatment protocols
• The use of diclofenac gel in the swelling region and the application of sulphonamide power on nodular lesions were found effective by Paul (2020).
• Feyisa (2018) found out the combination therapy of Dexamethasone for three days and broad-Spectrum antibiotics were effective in LSD virus infection.
• Dexamethasone has good anti-inflammatory action (Tsurufuji et al., 1984) and broad-spectrum antibiotics were found effective to check the secondary bacterial growth (Pandeya et al., 2021).
• The tropical application of antiseptic ointment with fly repellent properties can be a good choice
• Ivermectin strongly inhibits in vitro replication stage of lumpy skin disease virus (99.82% inhibition) and sheeppox virus (99.87% inhibition).
• Treatment of LSDV with 2.5 μM ivermectin reduced the number of infectious virions at the attachment, penetration and replication stages.
• It can be used for therapeutic purpose.

Treatment by methylene blue (MB) :- Oral treatment with 0.1% Methylene Blue (MB) solution (1 gram of MB powder in 1 liter of water) may be considered by the Veterinarian.

• Following dosage may be attempted: Adult cows (of approximately 350 Kg body weight): 300 ml at 8 hourly interval (thrice in a day) for 4 days. Calf: give approx. half dose
• MB solution/preparations may also be used topically every (eg. by spray).
• Milk withholding interval of 96 hours and a meat withdrawal interval of 14 days (if used in meat producing animals) is advised
• Feeding of liquid feed/food, soft feed and fodder and succulent pasture is recommended Advise: Except in unavoidable circumstances, the treatment of infected animal should be done through oral medication and topical application to avoid spreading of disease through treatment procedures and contamination of treatment accessories and personnel during treatment

Use of Herbal Solution: The under mentioned Herbal Animal Health Solutions also offers a supportive role in management of Lumpy Skin

1. Wound Healing and Fly Repellents
2. Appetite and Digestive Tonics
3. Immunomodulators and antioxidants
4. Instant Energy Booster

Homeopathy Preparations

• The under mentioned Homeopathy preparations may also offers a supportive role in management of Lumpy Skin Disease and may be used:
• Scruphularia nodosa 30
• Antim tart 30
• Ars alb 30
• Calendula MT D.

Ethno veterinary formulations

The under mentioned formulations are also recommended:

• Oral preparation (for one dose):
• Betel leaves-10 nos. + Black pepper-10 gm + Salt-10 gm Blend this to form a paste and mix with jaggery
• Dose: Day 1- One dose every three hours
• Day 2 and onwards for 2 weeks- Three doses daily
• Oral preparation (for two doses):
• Garlic-2 pearls + Corlander-10 gm + Cumin-10 gm + Dry cinnamon leaves-10 gm + -10 nos. + Black pepper-10 gm + Betel leaves-5 nos + Shallots-2 bulbs + Turmeric- 10gm + chirata leaf powder- 30 gm + Sweet basil 1 + Neem leaves – 1 handful + Aegle marmalos 1 handful + Jaggery-100 gm Blend this to form a paste and mix with jaggery
• Dose: Day 1- One dose every three hours
• Day 2 and onwards till recovery- Two doses daily
• External application (if there are wound):
• Acalypha indica leaves-1 handful + Garlic-2 pearls + Neem leaves-1handful + Coconut or Sesame oil-500 ml + Turmeric powder20 gm + Mehndi leaves- 1 handful + Tulsi leaves- 1 handful Blend all ingredients and mix with 500 ml coconut or sesame oil and boil and bring to cool Application: clean the wound and apply directly
• For Maggots: Apply Anona leaf paste or camphorated coconut oil for the first day only if maggots are present.

Herbal Treatment for Lumpy Disease

This Treatment includes oral administration of Herbal Masala bolus and external application of herbal oil and the details are given below:

 Preparation of Herbal Masala bolus

This preparation is good for all digestive problems viz. anorexia, indigestion, off feed, absence of rumination, impaction etc.

Ingredients needed for 10 dairy animals:

• Kalimirch (black pepper) 10 gm,
• Jeera (cumin) 10gm,
• Dhaniya (coriander seeds) 20 gm,
• Fenugreek (methi) 20 gm,
• Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) 10 gm,
• Adrak (ginger) 50 gm,
• Haldi (turmeric) 50 gm (fresh),
• Gheekumari (Aloe vera) 100 gm,
• Galo / batindu (Tinospora cordifolia) stem and leaves 100 gm,
• Neem leaves 100 gm,
• Moringa / Sahjan (Moringa oleifera) leaves 100 gm,
• Guava leaves / Amrood (tender) 100 gm
• Bari Chirmi / Chirputa (Cardiospermum halicacabum) 100 gm,
• Lahsun (garlic) 50 gm,
• Lallmirch ( red pepper /chillies) 50 gm,
• Paan (betel leaves) 10 number,
• Tulsi leaves 50 gm,
• Tarwar leaves and flowers (Cassia auriculata) 100gm,
• Nariyal (coconut)100 gm,
• Gud(jaggery) 100gm, rock salt 50 gm,
• Khaneka soda (sodium bicarbonate) 100 gm.

Galo / batindu                Gheekumari                                tarwar                               Karipatta

• First grind all dry items in a mixi viz. black pepper, jeera, coriander seeds, fenugreek, ajwain, red chillies ).
• Then grind all the fresh herbs viz. Aloe vera, curry leaf, garlic, tulsi, ginger, turmer ic, coconut (grated), galo and tarwar.
• After that mix together both the above items. Now add jaggery (after making into small pieces), and rock salt, (sodium bicarbonate) and mix it thoroughly.

Dosage:

At the end make a bolus of 70-80  gm each (lemon fruit size) and administer orally. For young animals (calf, sheep or goat) give half the quantity or reduce the quantity according to the body weight of animals. It can be given one bolus per day for 2 -3 days.

2. Preparation of Special Oil / Thailam for Lumpy Disease
3. Sesame oil(Til ka tel) 1 lit, haldi(freshly harvested preferred or turmeric powder 50gm) 100gm, garlic – 50gm; neem leaves 10 gm, leaves of mehanthi (Lawsonia inermis ) 10 gm, kuppi (Acalypa indica)10 gm. Ground the herbal items and mix with the oil and boil the oil well and filtered. The oil can be stored in a bottle. This thaila can be applied over the affected region of animals for 3 days continuously or till the point of cure. OR
4. Coconut oil 500 ml. and Datura leaf extract 5 00ml are taken together and boiled in a vessel till about one hour so as to get oily texture. Then put off the fire and add tuutiya (copper sulphate) 5 gm and stir it well. Now this thaila is stored in a bottle and applied over the body surface for 3 days.

          Datura                              kupp                                 Haldi                       Gheekumari

Also feed the animal with gruel prepared by boiling with ragi, wheat and bajra flour each 300 gm -500gm with sufficient water in a vessel. This is given twice a day for 3 days.

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