POULTRY FARMING

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES FOR SUSTAINABLE POULTRY PRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW ON NEW RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES

Team Pashudhan Praharee

October 16, 2023

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INNOVATIVE APPROACHES FOR SUSTAINABLE POULTRY PRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW ON NEW RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES

M.Hariharan^1*, N. Balamurugan¹, S. Gurusaran¹, A. Varun²

¹Field Veterinarian, Puducherry

²Assistant Professor, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research

*Corresponding author email: hariharan07062000@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The rise in global population has increased the demand for animal protein, resulting in the surge of poultry egg and meat production worldwide. The poultry sector has been undergone many significant changes in the last few years due to the development of new technologies. The poultry industry has evolved from a traditional farming system to a more modernized farming system. In this article, we discuss about the current innovations, technological advancement, and challenges in the poultry sector.

KEYWORDS: Poultry sector, market size, innovations, poultry feed, egg production, poultry meat, challenges.

INTRODUCTION

In the history of mankind, the most important key moment was the domestication of various wild animals for the production of food, agricultural activities, and companionship. A wide variety of wild animals were domesticated which includes dogs, cattle, buffalo, horses, sheep, chicken. Recent research suggests that red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) is the wild ancestor of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus), and it is considered to be domesticated in 8000 – 6000 years BC in the regions of southern east Asia, northern Thailand, China, Myanmar. Poultry farming includes chicken, quail, ostrich, duck, goose, turkey, and guinea fowl are most commonly used to produce eggs and meat. Chickens are the most used poultry due to their high nutritive values and their popularity as a major protein source. Consumer’s diet awareness has led to an increase in chicken meat and egg consumption worldwide. As per FAO, the global chicken population has reached 33 billion in 2020, with 46% present in Asia. They have generally classified into three major categories based on their use – Layers (egg production), Broilers (meat production), and Dual purposes. Over 1,600 different chicken breeds have been recognized by FAO worldwide. The evolution of wide variety of breeds is due to the result of natural selection, cross-breeding, and the widespread spread of Gallus sp. around various geographical areas over centuries. United States stands first as the world’s largest poultry meat producer, accounting for nearly 17% of global output. Poultry meat production has significantly increased from 9 to 133 million tonnes between the years 1961 to 2020. Poultry meat represents almost 40% of the total meat production globally. With 38% of the total global output China stands first as the world’s leading egg producer (33 million tonnes) as of 2020, and Asia accounts for more than 64% of the global output. Egg production has surged by 150% over the past few decades. In comparison to the production of animal food products like Pork, beef, and milk – poultry uses lesser units per space and emits fewer greenhouse gases. The poultry sector has been expanding rapidly due to the result of many internal research and developments being implemented every year.

CURRENT STATE OF INDIAN POULTRY MARKET

As per the 20^th Livestock Census (2019), the total poultry population in India is 851.81 million, including backyard poultry (317.07 million) and commercial poultry (534.74 million) which is increased by 45.8% and 4.5% respectively over the 19^th livestock census. The Indian poultry industry was valued at 20.21 billion USD in 2023 and saw a growth up to 9.2% than the previous year. This market is projected to expand significantly between 2023 and 2028 reaching to a value of around 31.33 billion USD. Our poultry sector generated about 20 billion USD worth of products, with 75.32% of the production coming from the meat sector and 24.67% from the egg sector. Poultry meat production accounts for 50% of India’s total meat production, with an annual production of 4.78 million tons annually. India’s per capita poultry meat consumption is around 3.1 kg per annum in 2020.

Table 1. Top Five poultry meat-producing states in India (2020-2021)

States	Total production in 000’MT	Percentage share
Maharashtra	632.32	15.57%
Haryana	478.63	11.78%
West Bengal	475.42	11.70%
Tamil Nadu	467.51	11.61%
Andhra Pradesh	443.35	10.92%

India ranks 3^rd in poultry egg production contributing about 129.60 billion eggs during 2021-2022 with a rise of 6.19% than the previous years and the per capita availability is around 95 eggs per year. India ranks as the 28^th largest exporter of eggs around the world. Eggs are exported from India to other countries like Oman, Maldives, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar.

Table 2. Top Five Egg-producing States in India (2020-2021)

States	Total eggs produced (billion)	Percentage share
Andhra Pradesh	24.9	20.45%
Tamil Nadu	20.1	16.49%
Telangana	15.8	12.98%
West Bengal	10.5	8.60%
Karnataka	7.61	6.24%

The Indian poultry sector is expanding due to the increase in the demand for animal protein, population, changes in daily livelihood, and the rise of private vertically integrated poultry producers. India has several small-scale poultry slaughterhouses and few modern poultry processing plants for producing dressed chickens and other processed products. Rural backyard poultry farming supports the farmer with an additional source of income and also helps in providing the necessary nutritional needs for the farmer’s family. Backyard poultry is also one of the major contributing factors for the growth of the poultry sector. The organized poultry industry includes hatchery units, large-scale equipment, and product processing facilities to improvise the productivity and availability of poultry products. This helps reduce consumer prices by lowering both production and marketing cost. Hyderabad is the home to many poultry hatchery units. Some of the most important commercial poultry industries in India are Suguna Foods Private Limited, RM Hatcheries, Bharati Poultry Private Limited, Skylark Hatcheries, Kadaknath Argo World, Kegg Farms, Srinivasa Farms.

INNOVATIONS IN POULTRY FARMING SECTOR

Extensive research is being conducted in the poultry sector worldwide mainly focusing on various aspects such as animal nutrition, housing, breeding, monitoring, animal welfare, genetic potential, and biosecurity measures. The development of new technology in poultry farming helps us to increase the profit margin by utilizing the resources effectively. Current studies are mostly concentrated on improving the genetic strain by breeding highly productive strains and ensuring the strain provides the expected results in growth and production, reducing the feed cost by analysing the proper nutritional requirements of the animal, providing a stable stress-free environment for optimum production, and addressing the challenges faced by the poultry sector. This includes disease outbreaks, climate change, use of antibiotics, foodborne diseases, and welfare concerns.

FEED ADDITIVES IN POULTRY NUTRITION

Feed additive is a compound or combination of compounds added to the basic animal feed in microquantities with the objective of improving the rate of gain, FCR, growth, production, cost of production, and health of the animal. Feed additive also helps to enhance the feed quality, feed stability feed utilization, feed digestibility, and palatability. The global feed additive market reached a market cap of 37.5 billion USD in 2022 and shows a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1%. India has a market share of 822.8 million USD in 2022 and the poultry sector holds a dominant position in the Indian feed additive market.

Table 3. Commonly used Feed Additives in Poultry Sector

Feed additives

Beneficiary outcomes

Example

Pellet binders

· Reduces the wastage of feed.

· Improves the feed quality, and digestibility.

· Improves FCR, and feed intake of birds.

calcium lignosulfonate, sodium lignosulfonate, lignin.

Antioxidants

· Limits the oxidative spoilage and rancid flavour of feed.

· Reduces the free radical formation, and lipid oxidization during body metabolism

· Improves the meat quality and immune system.

Carotenoid, Alpha-tocopherol, Ethoxy quinine, Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Probiotics

(Live culture of non-pathogenic organisms)

· Improve digestive system.

· Support birds’ defense

systems against invading pathogens, reduce enteric diseases.

· Promote body weight and production.

Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. lactis, Enterococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Prebiotics

(Non-digestible food ingredient)

· Improve gut microbial ecology.

· Encourage the growth of probiotics.

· Symbiotic – combination of both probiotic and prebiotic.

simple sugars – Mannan Oligosaccharides (MOS), Fructo oligosaccharides (FOS), Inulin

Acidifiers

· Act as preservatives for high moisture feeds to counter microbial growth.

· Maintains the pH and harmful microorganisms of the intestinal tract of the birds.

· Reduction in abdominal fat.

Organic- short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) like malic acid, fumaric acid.

Inorganic – hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid.

Feed Enzymes

(act as biocatalysts)

· Assist the digestion process.

· Increase the utilization of vial nutrients in feed ingredients that are rich in non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs)

· Improved feed digestibility and intestinal enzyme activity

β -glucanase, protease, phytase, xylanase, cellulase, amylase.

Mycotoxin Binders

· Prevent mycotoxins like aflatoxin B1 from entering the blood which can cause serious health problems to your birds.

Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates, clay, bentonite, phyllosilicates

Mannan oligosaccharides.

Coccidiostats

· Prevent coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. in the flock.

Amprolium, Decoquinate.

Pigments

(carotenoids)

· Helps to improve the colour of the egg York, meat, and skin based on customer preference.

Natural pigment – Zeaxanthin, lutein, and xanthophyll (from alfalfa) give yellow pigmentation. Paprika give red pigmentation.

Artificial pigment – Carophyll.

Amino Acids

· Optimum growth and performance.

· Improve carcass quality, egg production, egg weight, egg albumin, and bone density.

Essential amino acids – lysine, methionine, valine, leucine, histidine, phenylalanine arginine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine.

New advancements in feed additives include the use of Nanominerals like Ca, P, Se, Cu, Mn, Fe are particularly developed at sizes of 1 to 100nm which poses better bioavailability than normal inorganic minerals. Recent studies denote that the use of nanoforms of minerals helps to improve poultry performances, and it is achieved by using lower doses of minerals due to their increased bioavailability.

PRECISION POULTRY FARMING

Precision Poultry Farming (PPF) is a sustainable and effective method for efficient poultry production. Precision poultry farming uses continuous, real-time, computerized, and accurate monitoring technologies which helps to deal with challenges involved in welfare, health, nutrition, poultry waste management, environment, behaviour, and production assessments.

Feed Management – This is a very important aspect of precision poultry farming helps in a complete understanding about the nutritional requirements of the farm and it aids to formulate balanced feed rations based on the availability, cost, and nutrition profiles of the ingredients. Feed assessment is essential to ensure the feed quality if there is any presence of contaminants or toxins, then the feed is neglected. Sensors are used to monitor the feed consumption and total requirements of the birds. Advanced technologies like automatic feed delivery systems helps to provide precise distribution of feed to the birds while minimising the wastage.

Health Monitoring – Precision poultry farming involves the use of modern techniques and data-driven approaches to monitor the health of every single bird in the flock. Identification of individual birds can be achieved by using electronic wing tags or leg bands. Automatic monitoring and alert systems can help in the detection of any disease outbreak in the flock, by identifying the early signs of infection. Data analysis and machine learning algorithms aids in the accurate diagnosis and treatment for disease outbreaks. Remote sensor system (RSS) provides the performance data (growth rate, feed intake, vital parameters) for every individual bird in the flock. Behavioural patterns like mating, brooding, pecking preening, dust bathing, and other vices can also be monitored using RSS.

Environmental Monitoring – Poultry houses are equipped with various sensors that are involved in monitoring various environmental factors such as humidity, light, litter quality, temperature, and air quality. Temperature monitoring sensors provide real-time data on the internal temperature of the house, and amount of ventilation required to decapitate the heat, which helps to maintain the optimum temperature for the birds. Monitoring the moisture levels is essential to prevent respiratory problems and the growth of harmful microorganisms. Air quality monitoring sensors regularly detect the levels of ammonia, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, methane, and poultry dust inside the poultry houses. This harmful substance can be eliminated by using proper ventilation systems. Analyzing all kinds of data over a period of time provides valuable information on how to improvise bird health and productivity.

GENETIC SELECTION AND MODIFICATION

Poultry breeding and genomics have developed significantly in recent decades. Quantitative gene mapping and molecular genetic tools are used to analysis about the biological foundations of important economic traits in poultry. Advancements in genomic technologies such as next-generation sequencing and genetic engineering has assisted in understanding the various complex traits like growth rate, feed efficiency, meat quality, hatchability, fertility, and disease resistance. Genomic selection and crossbreeding (hybrid Vigor) aids in developing new strains of highly productive layers and broilers. Genetic mapping of both genotype and phenotype characteristics is necessary for screening desired traits and pure-lines. The CRISPR/Cas9 (gene modification) technology is revolutionizing poultry genetics for breeding and production. It gives breeders an alternative to conventional breeding techniques and enables them to choose from a wider range of genetic traits. The CRISPR/Cas9 technique has various advantages like better digestibility, egg production, immunity, disease resistance, and meat quality – lean meat, increased muscle mass, reduction in abdominal fat, meat with improved nutritional profiles. Heat-related stress is an immense problem in broilers and affected birds exhibit metabolic, production, and behavioural problems. Some key genes linked with heat tolerance are Dwarf gene (dw) – decreases the body size, Frizzle gene (F) – alters the feather’s shape, Naked neck gene (Na) – reduces feathers in body. Broiler chicken has a rapid development rate compared to layers causing high vulnerability to heat stress. In order to overcome heat stress use of both naked neck gene and frizzle gene in breeding helps to produce heat-tolerant broiler strains.

Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics – Nutrigenomic (gene-nutrition interaction) studies are an interconnected branch of nutritional and genetic research which seeks to figure out the way nutrients present in the feed interact with genes to influence gene transcription, homeostasis in cells, and metabolic protein synthesis. Nutrigenomics is significant in incorporating genomic techniques into nutrition as it provides a better knowledge of the genes and metabolic pathways influenced by diet. Dietary treatment of selenium in the feed of poultry helps to understand the influence of selenium supplementation on gene transcription patterns in the hen oviduct. By incorporating the nutrigenomics technique into the poultry sector, we can increase the expression of genes linked to growth, immunity, and other production characteristics.

IN-OVA SEXING

The tradition of mass culling of male chicks is still practiced commonly in most parts of the world. Mass culling of day-one male chicks raised ethical issues in the poultry industry. In 2022, the German government prohibited the culling of young chicks. To address these ethical issues countries should start implementing in-ova sexing methods. This serves as a crucial step in animal welfare because the developing embryos will not experience any kind of pain. Countries like Italy, Germany, and France are the pioneers of in-ova sexing technology. This technique should be cost-effective, precise in identifying the sex, and should not have any negative effects in egg hatchability. Mostly in-ova sexing and culling of embryo is done before day seven of the incubation period.

Table 4. Modern Techniques used in In-Ova sexing

Technique	Day of Incubation	Identification	Sexing Accuracy
Hyperspectral imaging system (400–1,000 nm)	8^th to 14^th Day	embryonic haemoglobin synthesis – Blood spot in embryo	96%
Raman Spectroscopy (785 nm)	3.5 to 5^th Day	differences in germinal, blood cells	90% – 95%
Vis-NIR Spectroscopy (300–1,145 nm)	0^th to 14^th Day	locating the blastoderm cell in the germinal disk and difference in DNA content of cells, yolk ratio, embryo growth.	87% to 99%
Morphometric-based imaging technique	0^th Day	Eggshell morphology – based on shape and size	80%
Immunosensing By ELISA or RIA	9^th day	Differences in hormone concentration (E1S – estrone sulfate)	99%
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (30 kHz and 67 GHz)	5^th to 11^th Day	Imaging the gonads of the embryo, assessing embryonic hormones	—

Other methods like genetically modifying the Z chromosome of the hen by introducing the lethal gene (produces a lethal protein which is fatal to the embryo), ultimately causing the death of the male embryo.

IN-OVA FEEDING

Early feeding nutrition to the ova is essential for the rapid growth of chicks during their initial period of life after hatching, and it has a major impact on their body weight during the finisher phase of broiler production. During pre-hatch eggs contain only a very small amount of carbohydrate, so they are unable to provide the energy required for the chick to hatch. The viability of young chicks after hatching depends on this pre-hatch phase where the embryo grows faster. After hatching, chicks receive their nutrition for the initial three to four days from the residual yolk and glycogen reserves. However, due to the long hatching window (24-48 hours) and other hatchery operations (includes immunization, sexing, and transfer to the farm), chicks may not receive enough nutrition for an extended period of time, which would have a severe effect on their performance. In-ovo feeding is an emerging method that involves injecting vital dietary nutrients directly into the embryo to improve growth, gut development, FCR, disease resistance, and helps to reduce early embryonic death.

Table 5. Significance of In-Ova Feeding in poultry

Injected Substances	Site of Injection	Day of Incubation	Result
Betaine and choline	Air sac	12^th Day	Increase birth weight, final carcass yield, immune response, decrease the abdominal fat%
Vitamin C	Albumen, Air sac, Amnion, Yolk sac	0^th, 11^th, 12^th, 14^th, 18^th Day	Increase hatchability, FCR, glutathione peroxidase activity, bone strength, gut development, antioxidant, cartilage development, immunity.
Zn, Cu, Mn, P and Vitamin D₃	Amnion, Allantoic cavity	17^th, 18^th,19^th, 20^thDay	Increased stiffness, bone density, cartilage, tendon development
Prebiotics, Probiotics (Galacto, Raffinose oligosaccharides, or Lactobacillus sp. cfu)	Air sac, Amnion	12^th, 17^th, 18^th, 19^th Day	Decrease the number of opportunistic pathogens like coliforms, increase the body weight, FCR, gut lactobacillus sp.
Carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, maltose)	Amnion, Air sac, Allantoic cavity, Yolk sac	2^nd,14^th, 18.5^th, 21^st Day	Increased both humoral and cell-mediated response, bursal development, body weight, decrease in hatchability in some studies.

AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN THE PRODUCTION INDUSTRY

Robotics is a field within computer and engineering science that deals with the designing, construction, and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to develop autonomous machines that can aid people in several fields. Robots are utilized in various industries and factories to ease labour’s mental, physical strain and human-hazardous circumstances. Automation made industrialisation more feasible to complete the work quicker, by decreasing the demand for careful human supervision and improving production efficiency. In cage egg production industries, both semi-automatic and completely automatic robotic systems are used to collect eggs regularly without manual handling. The automatic robotic system equipped with artificial intelligence is used to count the total eggs produced during a specific amount of time or spot, measure every single egg weight, and helps to eliminate misshapen or broken eggs. In modern breeder and broiler farms, automatic ground robots (equipped with ultrasonic-based localization systems, 3D cameras, suction cup, and robot arm) are used to collect eggs directly from the litter. The ultrasonic location system with a 3D depth sensor helps the robot to locate the eggs accurately. Automated robotic systems are mainly used in modern poultry meat processing plants for slaughtering, deboning, harvesting chicken fillets, packaging, and product labeling. AI algorithm-based sensors are used to assess the meat quality and eliminate spoiled or defective meat to prevent the risk of contamination. Rapid advancements in robotics have enabled industries to increase production efficiency and reduce the labour cost per bird.

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

The life cycle assessment (LCA) is a valuable method used for analysing the environmental hotspots caused by various livestock production systems. LCA involves collecting a wide range of data starting from Agricultural Lands (resources used to cultivate raw materials like soybean or corn) → Animal Feed production (input of raw material used to produce poultry feed) → Farm management (resources used to produce eggs or meat) → Industrial production (poultry product processing) → Retail market (distribution and sales to consumers). During this whole process amount of water, fuel, and electricity used, is considered to access LCA for the given product. Other factors like manure, waste, and soil management are also measured for analysis. SimaPro is an analytical software used to evaluate life cycle assessment. LCA’s final results are expressed in terms of environmental impact per mass unit of the end product produced (e.g., 4.41 kg CO₂ eq./kg poultry meat). LCA helps us to identify environmental impacts like carbon footprint, water footprint within a product’s lifecycle and aids in improving potential risk analysis and resource management.

DESINGER EGG AND DESINGER MEAT

Designer foods (Functional foods) are modified animal-derived products produced by employing modern techniques such as genetic engineering and diet manipulation. Functional foods have various active substances which positively influence our body metabolic processes and improve people’s health by lowering the risk of developing various diseases like cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Designer eggs are developed based on market demand and customer preference. Designer eggs or meat can be produced by modifying the chicken metabolic processes, modifying characteristics of the membrane transport system to make for the active compounds to enter the egg or meat, and altering the feed ration in order to improve the quantity of desirable compounds in the egg or meat. Examples: –

Omega 3 fatty acid enriched eggs – produced by supplementing poultry ration with, soyabean, safflower oil, flaxseeds oils, and Marine algae (Schizochytrium sp.). These eggs help to prevent Inflammatory diseases like arthritis, and joint pain, improve brain function and growth in young infants.
Low cholesterol eggs – produced by supplementing poultry ration with vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B-3, copper, chromium, zinc, and iron. These eggs help to prevent heart diseases like
Antioxidant-enriched egg or meat – produced by supplementing poultry ration with ethoxyquin (artificial), and herbs like curcumin, lycopene, carnosine. The addition of antioxidants helps to improve the self-life of poultry products and to reduce lipid peroxidation, fishy odour in poultry products.
Pigment-enriched eggs – produced by supplementing poultry ration with alfalfa, corn gluten meal gives rich yellow colour, Spirulina gives orange colour, paprika gives red colour to the yolk. These eggs prevent muscular degeneration and act as anti-carcinogenic agents.

CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS FACED BY THE POULTRY SECTOR

Antibiotic Resistance – Use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in poultry posed an immense threat to both human and animal health due to the prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens from poultry like Livestock-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MARS), Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).

Food Safety – Salmonella serovars (Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhimurium) and Campylobacter sp. are the most common pathogens responsible for foodborne and zoonotic illnesses. Effective sanitary measures should be employed and strictly maintained at each stage of production. Biosecurity should be improved throughout the manufacturing chain.

Disease Outbreaks – Common infectious diseases affecting poultry are new castle (Ranikhet) disease, infectious bursal disease (IBD), fowl pox, infectious bronchitis (IB), colibacillosis, avian influenza, fowl thyroid, outbreaks in the flock cause increased mortality rate. Proper management and vaccination should be followed to prevent outbreaks.

Animal Welfare – Animal rights activists argues that the use of conventional cages are unsuitable for high-producing and fast-growing birds, insufficient in lack of proper space causing threat to birth health and welfare. Adequate space must be provided so that the birds can express their natural behaviours.

Increasing Feed Cost – 70% – 75% of investment cost goes to buying poultry feed. The main components of poultry feed are maize and soya bean, the cost of these ingredients is increased which causing a rise in feed cost.

Inadequate Infrastructures – The majority of Indian poultry units lack modern technologies in farm management, meat processing, and biosecurity tools. Indian poultry sector is lacking its presence in the value-added product market (like smoked meat, canned meat, sausages).

CONCLUSION

The Indian Council of Medical Research recommends an average person should consume 180 eggs and 10.5 kg of poultry meat per annum, but our per capita availability is lesser than the recommended level. To overcome this situation future market growth should be largely influenced by marketing our consumers toward the shift away from live birds toward frozen and chilled animal products. Consumers are increasingly demanding highly nutritious, safe, and quality food products due to increasing awareness on food safety. This has led to the adoption of strict quality control measures and modern poultry-rearing systems to have a positive impact on the market. The Indian government should actively support the growth of the poultry sector in India by promoting necessary investments, financial support with subsidies, and providing proper medium for technology and knowledge transfer.

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