Innovative Technology & Practices Transforming India’s Poultry Farming Sector

 Innovative Technology & Practices Transforming India’s Poultry Farming Sector

 Dr. Arushi Kanwar , PhD Scholar, Department of veterinary physiology and Biochemistry, LUVAS, Hisar

 Abstract:

 Poultry farming has been an integral part of India’s agricultural landscape for centuries, providing a consistent source of income and nutrition to millions of people. However, the sector has undergone a significant transformation in recent years, primarily due to innovative technologies and practices. This essay explores the dynamic changes in India’s poultry farming sector, focusing on the impact of cutting-edge technologies, sustainable practices, and the resulting economic and social outcomes. It provides recent statistics and references to illustrate the sector’s growth and potential, shedding light on the future of poultry farming in India.

Introduction:

Poultry farming is a critical component of India’s agriculture and food industry. It has evolved from traditional backyard setups to sophisticated, technologically advanced operations. This transformation has been driven by several factors, including rising demand for poultry products, the need for sustainable farming practices, and the advent of innovative technologies. In this essay, we will delve into how innovative technology and practices have transformed India’s poultry farming sector, with a focus on recent statistics and references that showcase the sector’s growth and potential.

Historical Overview of Poultry Farming in India:

To understand the significance of the recent transformations, it is essential to briefly examine the historical context of poultry farming in India. Poultry farming has been practiced for centuries, with indigenous chicken breeds being reared for meat and egg production. However, it remained largely unorganized and small-scale until the mid-20th century.

The Green Revolution in the 1960s brought significant changes to Indian agriculture, including poultry farming. Improved breeds, better nutrition, and the development of commercial hatcheries began to make their mark. The first commercial poultry farm in India, Venkateshwara Hatcheries, was established in 1971 by Dr. B. V. Rao. This marked the beginning of organized poultry farming in the country. Over the years, the industry expanded, with several players entering the market. Broiler chicken production and egg production became the primary focus areas, and the industry started to adopt modern practices. By the 1990s, India had become one of the world’s largest producers of eggs and broiler meat. Today, India ranks 3rd in the world in egg production and 5th in chicken meat production. Nevertheless, it was only in the last two decades that innovative technology and sustainable practices started revolutionizing the sector.

Role of Innovative Technology in Poultry Farming:

Advanced Breeding and Genetics:

Recent advances in breeding and genetics have played a pivotal role in the transformation of India’s poultry sector. The introduction of high-yielding breeds and the utilization of genetic selection techniques have significantly increased the productivity of poultry farms. For instance, the introduction of commercial layers and broilers that grow faster and produce more eggs and meat has been a game-changer. The National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) in India plays a vital role in maintaining a repository of poultry genetic resources and facilitating selective breeding programs (NBAGR). Research studies on genomic selection in poultry have been conducted by Indian agricultural universities and institutions which uses genetic markers and DNA sequencing to predict the breeding value of individuals, accelerating genetic progress. (Research papers from institutions like ICAR, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University).

Automation and Robotics:

Automation and robotics have become integral to modern poultry farming operations. Automated feeding and watering systems, climate control, and even robot-assisted egg collection have reduced labor costs and improved efficiency. Robots equipped with AI and sensors can monitor poultry health and behavior, enabling early disease detection and precise management. Automated egg collection and grading systems streamline the process of collecting, sorting, and packaging eggs. Indian egg producers are implementing these systems to reduce human handling and maintain egg quality (Poultry industry reports and articles in magazines like Poultry Bazaar)

Precision Nutrition:

Advancements in nutrition science have allowed for precise formulation of feed, resulting in improved growth rates and feed conversion ratios. Precision nutrition ensures that birds receive the right nutrients at the right time, optimizing their health and productivity while reducing waste.

Example: Precision Nutrition for Broiler Chickens

Stage: Starter Phase (0-10 days)

• Energy: Provide a highly digestible energy source. Corn and wheat-based diets are commonly used (Leeson & Summers, 2008)
• Protein: Ensure a balanced amino acid profile with essential amino acids such as methionine and lysine. (Baker, 2009).
• Calcium and Phosphorus: Maintain appropriate calcium-to-phosphorus ratios for bone development. (Whitehead & Fleming, 2000)
• Vitamins and Minerals: Supplement with essential vitamins (A, D3, E, K, B-complex) and trace minerals (zinc, copper) (National Research Council, 1994).

Stage: Grower Phase (11-28 days)

• Energy: Gradually transition to a diet with slightly lower energy content to manage growth (Hetland, Svihus & Olaisen, 2002).
• Protein: Maintain a balanced amino acid profile while reducing crude protein levels. (Kidd, 2004).
• Calcium and Phosphorus: Continue to adjust calcium and phosphorus levels based on growth rate (Scott & Dean, 1965).

Stage: Finisher Phase (29-42 days)

• Energy: Provide a diet with moderate energy content to promote meat yield.( Zelenka & Gous, 2008).
• Protein: Maintain a balanced amino acid profile with focus on meat quality. (Leksrisompong, et al., 2007).
• Vitamins and Minerals: Adjust vitamin and mineral levels according to growth rate and body weight (Ferket, 2004)
• Feed Additives: Continue to use feed additives to improve nutrient utilization and health. (Bedford & Cowieson, 2012).

Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence:

Data analytics and AI are being used to process vast amounts of data generated on poultry farms. Predictive analytics help farmers make informed decisions about disease management, feed optimization, and production planning. AI-powered algorithms analyze environmental factors to create ideal conditions for poultry growth.

Automation and the Internet of Things (IoT) have revolutionized poultry farming operations. Smart sensors and monitoring systems are used to regulate temperature, humidity, and lighting conditions in poultry houses. Automated feeding and watering systems ensure birds receive the right nutrition and reduce labor costs. According to a report by MarketsandMarkets, the global smart poultry farming market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 11.4% from 2021 to 2026.

Sustainable Practices in Poultry Farming:

• Organic and Free-Range Farming:

Consumer demand for organic and free-range poultry products has driven the adoption of more sustainable farming practices. These systems prioritize animal welfare, reduce antibiotic use, and promote outdoor access for birds. They also cater to niche markets willing to pay a premium for ethically produced poultry.

• Waste Management and Environmental Sustainability:

Managing poultry waste has been a longstanding challenge. However, innovative solutions such as converting poultry litter into biogas or organic fertilizers have emerged. These practices not only reduce pollution but also generate additional revenue streams for farmers. “Bhushan Bio Energy Pvt. Ltd.” company specializes in developing and operating biogas plants that utilize poultry waste, along with other organic materials, to produce biogas and organic fertilizers.

• Antibiotic-Free Farming:

Antibiotic resistance concerns have led to the adoption of antibiotic-free farming practices. Probiotics, prebiotics, and alternative treatments are being explored to maintain poultry health without relying on antibiotics, ensuring the safety of poultry products and human health.

• Venky’s India Ltd: Venky’s is a prominent poultry company in India that has been working towards reducing antibiotic use in its poultry production. They have adopted practices such as improved biosecurity, vaccination, and disease management to minimize the need for antibiotics.
• Suguna Farms: Suguna Farms is one of the largest broiler integrators in India. They have been exploring antibiotic-free poultry production methods, emphasizing biosecurity, hygiene, and vaccination as preventive measures against diseases.
• Pioneer Farms: Pioneer Farms is known for its commitment to antibiotic-free and organic poultry production. They produce organic and antibiotic-free chicken meat under the brand “FreeBird.”
• Organic Farms and Local Producers: Several smaller organic farms and local poultry producers across India have adopted antibiotic-free and organic poultry farming practices. These operations often cater to niche markets and health-conscious consumers who prioritize antibiotic-free poultry products.
• Contract Farming for Antibiotic-Free Production: Some contract farming agreements between poultry companies and farmers in India specify antibiotic-free or reduced-antibiotic practices as part of their production standards. These arrangements ensure that farmers follow responsible antibiotic use guidelines.

Economic and Social Impact:

The adoption of innovative technology and sustainable practices in poultry farming has had profound economic and social implications in India.

• Economic Growth:

The poultry sector’s contribution to India’s GDP has steadily increased, driven by the growth in production and value addition. The sector has created employment opportunities, especially in rural areas, and has been a source of income for millions of small-scale farmers. The poultry industry has become a significant contributor to India’s economy, providing employment opportunities and supporting ancillary industries such as feed manufacturing and processing. According to the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, the poultry sector contributed 1.48% to the country’s Gross Value Added (GVA) in agriculture in 2020-21. (Economic Survey 2020-21)

• Improved Livelihoods:

The adoption of modern poultry farming practices has improved the livelihoods of farmers. Higher yields, reduced mortality rates, and lower production costs have increased farmers’ incomes and made poultry farming a viable and profitable venture.

Income Generation: Poultry farming, especially backyard and small-scale poultry keeping, offers a reliable source of income for rural families. For example, a family with a few layers or broilers can sell eggs or meat in local markets, generating income that can be used for household expenses, education, and healthcare.

• Employment Opportunities: Commercial poultry farming operations, including broiler and layer farms, create employment opportunities in both urban and rural areas. Workers are needed for tasks such as feeding, cleaning, and maintenance. Additionally, the poultry supply chain, including feed production, transportation, and marketing, generates jobs for many people.
• Empowerment of Women: Poultry farming often provides women with opportunities for income generation and economic empowerment. Women can engage in backyard poultry rearing, which can be managed alongside their household responsibilities. Organizations like Kudumbashree in Kerala have successfully implemented women-led poultry initiatives, improving their financial independence.
• Diversification of Income Sources: Poultry farming allows farmers to diversify their sources of income, reducing dependence on a single crop or agricultural activity. This diversification helps mitigate risks associated with crop failures and price fluctuations.
• Nutrition Improvement: Poultry products, such as eggs and chicken meat, are rich sources of protein and essential nutrients. Small-scale poultry farming can improve household nutrition by providing families with access to these nutritious foods.
• Rural Development: The growth of commercial poultry farms in rural areas contributes to local economic development. It can lead to the development of infrastructure such as roads, processing facilities, and cold storage, which benefits the entire community.
• Access to Microfinance and Credit: Some microfinance institutions in India have recognized the potential of poultry farming as a viable income-generating activity. They provide loans and credit facilities to individuals and groups interested in starting or expanding their poultry businesses.
• Technology Adoption: The adoption of modern poultry farming practices, including improved breeds, feed formulations, and disease management, can lead to higher productivity and profitability. Farmers who invest in training and technology upgrades often see improved livelihoods.
• Market Linkages: Poultry farmers can benefit from access to wider markets, including urban centers and export markets, through cooperative societies and partnerships with poultry companies. This broader market access can lead to increased sales and higher incomes.
• Value Addition: Some farmers in India have ventured into value addition by processing poultry products, such as making ready-to-eat products or selling processed meat and eggs, thereby increasing their profitability.

Nutritional Security:

Increased poultry production has contributed to improved nutritional security in India. Eggs and poultry meat are affordable sources of high-quality protein, making them accessible to a broader segment of the population.

• Increased Protein Intake: Poultry products, such as eggs and chicken meat, are rich sources of high-quality protein. The affordability and availability of these products have led to increased protein intake among communities, especially in regions where protein deficiency is a concern. For example, in many rural areas, including parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, increased egg consumption due to poultry farming has contributed to improved protein nutrition.
• Improved Micronutrient Intake: Eggs are also a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, including vitamin B12, vitamin D, and iron. The inclusion of eggs in the diet can help combat micronutrient deficiencies. In Odisha, the government’s “Egg for Every Child” program aims to provide an egg to every school-going child to address malnutrition.
• Diversified Diets: Poultry farming allows families to diversify their diets by including poultry products alongside staple crops. This diversification leads to a more balanced and nutritious diet. In states like Kerala, where poultry farming is prevalent, diversified diets have contributed to better nutritional outcomes.
• Income for Vulnerable Populations: Poultry farming, particularly backyard and small-scale operations, provides income-generating opportunities for vulnerable populations, including women and landless laborers. For instance, women’s self-help groups in Tamil Nadu have engaged in backyard poultry farming, leading to income generation and improved food security.
• Accessibility in Remote Areas: Poultry products can be produced and consumed locally, making them accessible even in remote areas with limited infrastructure. This accessibility ensures that nutritious food is available to communities in hard-to-reach regions.
• Supplementary Nutrition Programs: Some Indian states, such as Telangana and Tamil Nadu, have implemented supplementary nutrition programs that include eggs in the daily diet of children and pregnant women to combat malnutrition and improve overall health.
• Nutritional Support During Crises: Poultry farming can serve as a resilient source of nutrition during times of crises, such as natural disasters or economic downturns. Communities with access to poultry can continue to receive essential nutrients even when other food sources are scarce.
• Government Initiatives: The Indian government, through its various programs and schemes, supports poultry farming to enhance nutritional security. For example, the National Livestock Mission (NLM) promotes backyard poultry rearing and has specific components aimed at improving the nutritional status of vulnerable populations.
• Innovation in Poultry Nutrition: Advances in poultry nutrition, including improved feed formulations and health management practices, have led to increased poultry productivity, resulting in greater availability of poultry products for consumption.
• Nutrient-Rich Poultry Varieties: The development and promotion of nutrient-rich poultry varieties, such as dual-purpose chicken breeds that provide both meat and eggs, contribute to enhanced nutritional security. For example Khadaknath chickens are primarily valued for their meat, which is considered to be of high quality in terms of taste, tenderness, and flavor. The meat is often sought after for its unique flavor profile.

It is believed to be low in fat and cholesterol while being rich in protein and has aphrodisiac property along with other essential nutrients.

1. Cold chains:

Investments in the cold chain value chain within the poultry sector should be prioritized to facilitate the transformation of wet markets into modern retail establishments. The spectrum of poultry processing and marketing spans from traditional live bird markets to highly advanced, fully automated facilities that comply with International Standards Organization (ISO) certification. The future of this industry lies in the production of convenient, ready-to-eat poultry products. The poultry sector’s most significant challenge is the lack or insufficiency of refrigeration infrastructure. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to initiate a specialized program aimed at creating additional cold chain facilities in the poultry sector, akin to the ‘Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure’ scheme implemented by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries.

There has been a gradual shift in consumer preferences, with increasing demand for fresh chilled and frozen poultry products. Although wet markets remain predominant in the poultry industry, there has been a noteworthy surge in e-commerce, particularly with the expansion of home delivery services for various poultry meats and processed products.

1. Effective packaging:

• Effective packaging in poultry products is essential to maintain product quality, safety, and shelf life. In India, various packaging methods and materials are used to meet these objectives. Here are some effective packaging techniques and materials used in the Indian poultry industry:
• Vacuum Packaging: Vacuum packaging removes air from the package, creating a vacuum seal that helps preserve the freshness of poultry products and extend their shelf life. It also reduces the risk of bacterial growth. Vacuum-sealed poultry is commonly used in India for products like chicken breasts and marinated chicken pieces.
• Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP): MAP involves adjusting the gas composition inside the package to slow down spoilage and maintain product quality. Common gases used are nitrogen and carbon dioxide. This method is utilized for packaging various poultry products, including whole birds and portions.
• Polyethylene (PE) Bags: Polyethylene bags are widely used for packaging poultry products, such as chicken parts and whole birds. They are cost-effective and provide a moisture barrier to prevent dehydration and freezer burn.
• Polystyrene Trays with Stretch Film: This packaging method is often used for packaging chicken pieces or cuts. The chicken is placed in a polystyrene tray, covered with stretch film, and sealed to maintain freshness.
• Polyester/Polyethylene (PET/PE) Pouches: These pouches are used for packaging products like marinated chicken, sausages, and nuggets. They provide an airtight seal and protect against moisture, ensuring the product remains fresh.
• Egg Cartons: Egg cartons are used for packaging eggs to protect them from breakage during transportation and display. They are typically made of molded paper pulp.
• Corrugated Cardboard Boxes: Sturdy corrugated cardboard boxes are employed for packaging bulk quantities of poultry products, especially for distribution to retailers and restaurants. These boxes provide protection during transit.
• Tin Ties: Tin ties are used in the packaging of poultry products like frozen chicken bags to provide a resealable feature, ensuring the product remains airtight after opening.
• Tamper-Evident Packaging: Tamper-evident packaging is used to provide consumers with confidence in the safety and integrity of poultry products. It includes features such as seals, bands, or labels that show evidence of tampering
• Offering greater financial incentives for modern transportation vehicles and the expansion of cold storage infrastructure would provide a significant boost to the poultry sector.

1. Value-added processing of poultry products:

Value-added processing of poultry products in India involves transforming basic poultry items into processed or convenience products that offer additional benefits to consumers. These products typically have higher market value due to factors such as convenience, extended shelf life, and unique flavor profiles. Here are some examples of value-added poultry products and commercial industries involved in their production in India:

• Marinated Chicken Products: Marinated chicken products are a popular value-added category in India. These products are typically pre-seasoned and marinated for easy preparation at home. Examples include marinated chicken wings, drumsticks, and kebabs. Commercial companies like Venky’s and Suguna Foods offer a range of marinated chicken products.
• Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Chicken: RTE chicken products, such as cooked and pre-seasoned chicken curry or chicken tikka, cater to consumers looking for convenient meal options. Companies like Godrej Tyson, Innovative Foods (Sumeru), and Yummiez produce RTE chicken products.
• Processed Chicken Products: Processed chicken products include items like chicken sausages, nuggets, and burgers. These products are pre-cooked and can be used as snacks or ingredients in various dishes. Companies like Al Kabeer, Sumeru, and Venky’s offer processed chicken products.
• Frozen Poultry Products: Frozen poultry products, including frozen chicken parts, offer longer shelf life and convenience. Brands like Suguna Foods and Godrej Tyson provide a variety of frozen poultry options.
• Egg Products: Value-added egg products include liquid eggs, boiled and peeled eggs, and egg-based sauces or spreads. Companies like SKM Eggs and Keggfarms offer egg products for both retail and foodservice markets.
• Organic and Specialty Products: Some companies focus on organic and specialty poultry products, catering to consumers looking for healthier and premium options. For instance, companies like Amrit and Purely Poultry offer organic and specialty poultry products.
• Egg-Based Desserts: Egg-based desserts like cakes, pastries, and custards are another value-added category. Companies like Britannia and Monginis produce a range of egg-based desserts.
• Chicken Frankfurters: Chicken frankfurters are popular processed meat products, often used in sandwiches and hot dogs. Various companies produce chicken frankfurters for both retail and foodservice markets.
• Canned Chicken: Canned chicken products, such as canned chicken curry, are convenient options for ready-to-eat meals. Brands like Kohinoor offer canned chicken products.
• Chicken Soups and Broths: Packaged chicken soups and broths provide convenience for making quick and flavorful soups and stews. Companies like Knorr and Maggi offer chicken soup products.

Export Potential:

India’s poultry products have gained acceptance in international markets, with poultry exports reaching a record high of 10 million metric tons in 2022 (Directorate General of Foreign Trade, 2023). Exporting poultry products from India requires a well-structured export strategy to tap into international markets. Here are some key strategies and examples of Indian poultry companies that have successfully implemented them:

• Market Research and Selection: Venky’s India Ltd. expanded its poultry product exports to various countries, including the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa, after conducting market research and identifying suitable markets.
• Compliance with International Standards: Suguna Foods invested in state-of-the-art processing facilities and implemented stringent quality control measures to meet international standards, enabling it to export products to more than 60 countries.
• Certifications and Accreditation:Venky’s India Ltd. obtained Halal certification for its products to cater to markets with a significant Muslim population.
• Export Documentation: Suguna Foods established a dedicated export department to manage all export-related documentation efficiently.
• Cold Chain and Logistics: Godrej Tyson Foods has established a robust cold chain network and logistics management system to ensure the safe delivery of its frozen poultry products to international markets.
• Market Entry Strategies:
• Srinivasa Farms formed joint ventures with international companies to expand its presence in the global poultry market.
• Brand Promotion: Venky’s India Ltd. promotes its poultry products internationally through participation in international trade shows and exhibitions.
• Quality Control and Traceability: Suguna Foods uses advanced technology for quality control and product traceability, gaining trust among international customers.
• Adaptation to Local Tastes: Suguna Foods offers products tailored to regional preferences in various export markets, such as chicken curry cuts designed for Indian cuisine.

Conclusion:

India’s poultry farming sector has come a long way from its traditional roots to embrace innovative technology and sustainable practices. This transformation has led to increased productivity, economic growth, improved livelihoods for farmers, and enhanced nutritional security. Recent statistics and references demonstrate the sector’s substantial contributions to India’s agriculture and economy. As the world continues to grapple with food security challenges, India’s poultry farming sector stands as an exemplary model of how innovation can drive positive change in agriculture. With continued investment in research, technology, and sustainable practices, India’s poultry sector is poised for further growth and prosperity in the years to come.

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Feed Additives: Include enzymes to improve nutrient digestibility and growth

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Innovative Technology and Practises Transforming India’s Poultry Farming Sector