LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) IN CATTLE

Nandani Kumari 1 , pallabi Ghosh 3 , Nikita Singh 2 ,

1 . First and corresponding author. Mail I.D.-drnandanikumari@gmail.com Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Husbandry, R.V.C., B.A.U.

2. Merit Scholarship Holder, 3^rd Year, R.V.C., B.A.U.
3. . Batch topper, merit scholarship holder, 5^th Year, R.V.C., B.A.U.

1. INTRODUCTION-

Lumpy skin  disease is an endemic disease of cattle of Egypt ( Elhaig et.al. 2017). It has a limited host range and doesn’t complete its replication cycle in non-ruminant hosts ( Shen et.al. 2011). All the ages of cattle and both the sexes are susceptible to LSDV, but according to some evidence, young animals may be more susceptible to the severe form of the disease ( A.I. Salike 2014). It is caused by Lumpy skin disease virus ( LSDV), a virus from the family Poxviridae, genus Caprinovirus. It is the same family to which the sheeppox virus and the Goat pox virus belongs. It is a highly host specific non-zoonotic disease occurring primariky in cattle of genus Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus and water buffalo of genus Bubalis bubalis. Literatires also cite evidence for its increased susceptibility in crossbred cattle exhibiting higher morbidity and mortality due to LSD when compared to Zebu cattle. It is primarily transmitted by arthropod vector with a morbidity rate of (10-20)% and mortality rate of (1-5)%.

Also hitherto, LSD has not been reported in sheep and goats even when kept in close contact with infected cattle ( Davies 1991). Elhahas et.al. 2011, Sharawi and El.Rahim. 2014 described isolation from buffalo while Davis 1991 denies the occurance in African and Water Buffalo.

2.ETIOLOGY

Lumpy skin disease is a viral disease caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) also known as Neethling virus. lumpy skin disease virus belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus and Poxviridae family. Antigenically, it is closely  related  to viruses of sheep and goat pox.

Sources of this virus are:

• Scabs, skin nodules and crusts contain relatively high amounts of LSDV for upto 35 days and likely for longer virus can be isolated from this material.
• Isolation of LSDV can be done from saliva, semen, ocular and nasal discharge.
• Intermittently LSDV is found in the blood from approximately 1 to 3 weeks.

Resistance to physical and chemical action :

LSDV can survive for long periods at ambient temperature in dried scabs and is remarkably stable.

• Temperature: Susceptible to 55°C for 2 hours and 65°C for 30 minutes
• pH: It is susceptible to alkaline or acidic pH.
• Chemicals: Susceptible to chloroform, ether(20%), formalin (1%), detergents like sodium dodecyl sulphate, phenol (2% for 15 minutes), sodium hypochlorite (2–3%), iodine compounds (1:33 dilution), quarternary ammonium compounds (0.5%).
• 3.IDENTIFICATION OF VIRUS IS POSSIBLE BY-1.Polymerase Chain Reaction

2. Virus Isolation test
3. Electron microscopy
4. Serological tests like
   • Virus isolation test
   • Western blot test
   • Capripoxvirus antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
   • 4.TRANSMISSION BY
   • 1.Arthropods vectors
   • 2.Mosquitoes
   • 3.Haematophagous such as mosquitoes and stable flies
   • 4.Mosquitoes like culex mirificens
   • 5.Ixodid tick
   • 6.Direct contact
   • 7.Thorough milking
   • 8.Infection experimentally possible by inoculation with material from cutaneous nodules
   • 5.CLINICAL SIGNS
   • • Incubation period post infection is 4-14 days
     • For approximately a week there is a period of high fever (>40.50°C)
     • Lymph nodes like subscapular and prefemoral lymph nodes become enlarged and are easily palpable
     • Highly characteristic round, firm nodules of 1- 5cm in diameter are seen in the skin. These nodules can be found all over the body but predilection sites are skin of head, neck, genitalia, perineum, udder and limbs.
     • Nodules are also seen in the mucous membrane of oral, nasal and genital tract. Necrotic plaques of the oral and nasal mucous membranes cause purulent and mucopurulent discharge and excessive salivation.
     • All layers of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and sometimes even the underlying muscles are involved in deep nodules.
     • Typically, ulceration of the centre of the lesion is seen and a scab forms on top.
     • Other common complications-
     • Sometimes in one or both eyes painful ulcerative lesions develop, leading to blindness in worst cases.
     • Complications by secondary bacterial infection may be seen in the skin lesions of the limbs and on top of the joints which may lead to deep subcutaneous infections and lameness.
     • Pneumonia and/or mastitis may be caused by the virus itself or secondary bacterial infections.
     • Microscopic lesions-
     • Perivascular collections of neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and proliferating fibroblasts
     • Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in fibroblasts, macrophages and keratinocytes.
     • In dermis there is inflammatory reaction.

      

     It being a viral disease, there is no  exact treatment except for symptomatic coupled with antibacterial therapy( To curb secondary bacterial infection) and supportive therapy. The standard treatment for LSDV would include-

     6.TREATMENT-

     1. Anti-inflammatory like flunexin hydrochloride (10-15 ml. for large animals)
     2. 1. Mahmoud M. Elhaig , Abdelfattah Selim , Mohamed Mahmoud, 2017 , ‘Lumpy skin disease in cattle: Frequency of occurrence in a dairy farm and a preliminary assessment of its possible impact on Egyptian buffaloes’, ‘Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research’
           1. Antibiotic like Amoxycillin at the dose of 3-4 gm total or 10-12 mg/ per kg body wt.
           2. Antihistaminic 10 ml. daily for three days.
           3. Levamisole @7-8 ml.S/c for immunomodulation
           4. Herbal spray like Topical ointment with antiseptic
           5.  7.PROPHYLAXIS-

           Vaccination is an important prophylactic step in case of such viral diseases. According to Kitchling, 2003, all strains of capripoxvirus so far examined are antigenically indistinguishable and the recovery from infection with one strain provides immunity from all other strains because of this antgenoc homology among all strains, there is the potential to use a single vaccine strain to protect cattle, sheep and goats.

           Due to this antigenic homology, serological tests fail to distinguish the Sheep, Goat, Pox virus from LSD virus. Although currently no new generation recombinant capripox vaccines are commercially available.vaccines for lumpy skin diseases are used to protect cattle from LSD are primarily live attenuated vaccines based on attenuated strains of wild isolates passed by cell culture.  Following three main types of vaccines are available at many places according to creative-biolabs.com-

           1. Neethling vaccine
           2. Kenyan Sheep and Goat pox ( KSGP) O-180 strain vaccine
           3. Gorgan Goat pox ( GTP) Vaccine.

               8.CONCLUSION–

           It is a poxvirus disease with significant morbidity although mortality is low and due to the fact that economic losses results from the loss of condition, decreased milk production, abortions, infertility and damaged hides. The transmission and spread of the causative virus being by insects, the outbreaks become very widespread and hence it is difficult to be controlled. So a proper prophylactic measures must be followed including proper quarantine, cleaning and disinfection of the infected premises. Movement control to avoid the introduction of lumpy skin disease in any new area. Vaccination is an important prophylaxis specially in endemic areas.

                   7.REFERENCES:

        2. ecodev.vic.gov.au
        3. 1. cfsph.iastate.edu

            

           2. https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/Disease_cards/LUMPY_SKIN_DISEASE_FINAL.pdf

            

           3. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/

            

           4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpy_skin_disease

            

           5. LSD field manual
           6. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7330e.pdf

            

           7. Elhaig, M.M., Selim, A. & Mahmoud, M., 2017, ‘Lumpy skin disease in cattle: Frequency of occurrence in a dairy farm and a preliminary assessment of its possible impact on Egyptian buffaloes’, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 84(1), a1393. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr. v84i1.1393.

            

           8. World Organisation for Animal Health (2017) – Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. OIE, Paris. http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/
           9. Spickler, Anna Rovid. 2008. Lumpy Skin Disease. Retrieved from http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/factsheets.php.
           10. Al-Salihi, K., 2014, ‘Lumpy skin disease: Review of literature’, Mirror of Research in Veterinary Sciences and Animals 3, 6–23.
           11. Davies, F., 1991, ‘Lumpy skin disease of cattle: A growing problem in Africa and the Near East’, World Animal Review 68, 37–42.
           12. El-Nahas, E., El-Habbaa, A., El-bagoury, G. & Radwan, M.E., 2011, ‘Isolation and identification of lumpy skin disease virus from naturally infected buffaloes at Kaluobia, Egypt’, Global Veterinaria 7, 234–237.
           13. Sharawi, S. & El-Rahim, I.A., 2014, ‘The utility of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of lumpy skin disease in cattle and water buffaloes in Egypt’, Revue Scientifique et Technique-OIE 30, 821. https://doi.org/10.20506/ rst.30.3.2075
           14. Shen, Y.-J., Shephard, E., Douglass, N., Johnston, N., Adams, C., Williamson, C. et al., 2011, ‘A novel candidate HIV vaccine vector based on the replication deficient Capripoxvirus’, Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), Virology Journal 8, 265. https:// doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-265

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