Dr Rupali Masand & Dr Devesh Thakur
Department of Veterinary & AH Extension Education
DGCN College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences CSKHPKV Palampur
Abstract:
Bovine Papillomas are a common problem faced by livestock owners.Though they are considered harmless, yet their re-occurrence and tendency to ulcerate in udder region causes mastitis and other secondary bacterial diseases.This leads to lower milk production and huge economic losses to the farmers. This article reviews various preventive and therapeutic measures to control the papilloma in cattle. Papillomatosis is a benign neoplasm of epithelial origin caused by Bovine papilloma Virus. Crossbreed are found more vulnerable than native breeds and it affects all the age group, among them females at first and second lactation are more prone to papillomavirus. Transmission occurs through contact with infected animal or through cutaneous abrasions, contaminated materials, milking machine, long term exposure to sunlight in immunodeficient animal. They usually appear as filliform, cauliflower or flat with rough or smooth texture, single to multiple in number. Vaccination in younger age is recommended to prevent the occurrence of this disease. Isolation of the infected animals and disinfection of their belongings with bleach have shown effective measures in control of spread of the disease. Autoheamotherapy, anthiomaline, homeopathic drugs and autogenous vaccine have been used either alone or combination as therapeutic remedies against papilloma virus.The paper also discusses standaridised Ethno-veterinary formulation based on locally available ingredients to control this disease.
Introduction:
Papilloma also known as warts are the contagious hyperplasia or benign neoplasm of epithelial origin mainly skin region caused by Bovine Papilloma Virus (BPV), as this virus has specific tropism for squamous epithelial cells and complete replication of virus occur in more ultimately differentiated squamous cells (Smith, 2002). It is a DNA virus from family Papillomaviridae and characterized into three different genera which includes Deltapapilloma virus (BPV-1, 2 and 13), Xipapilloma virus (BPV-3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11 and 12) and Epsilonpapilloma virus (BPV-5,7 and 8) (Hatama et al., 2008; Lunardi et al., 2013). BPV-1,2,3,5,6,8,9 and 10 are found associated with skin related papillomatosis in cattle (Borzacchiello and Roperto, 2008). It affects all the age groups of the cattle (Umadevi and Umakanthan, 2013) and are commonly found in head, neck, shoulder, udder, teat, occasionally on the abdomen, back and alimentary tract, and can spread to the other parts of the body (Sreeparvathy et al., 2011; Pattar and Priyanka, 2013). In older cattle, papillomas are limited to the udder and teat and can transmit to other animals through milkers hand or teatcup liners (Ohnstad et al., 2007). The incidence rate is higher in crossbreed cattle than the native breed (Sharma et al., 2004; Mitra, 2005). Females are more commonly affected than males (Salib and Farghali, 2011). Heifers, 1st and 2nd lactating cows higher incidence rates of papillomas and advanced lactation stage cows are more affected (Singh et al., 2009; Ozsoy et al., 2011; Sultan, 2013; Kavithaa et al., 2014). Seasonwise papillomas incidences are more in winter season followed by summer and spring and usually lesion on one teat are found followed two and three teats (Sharma et al., 2005; Kavithaa et al., 2014).
Pathophysiology:
Transmission is either through direct contact with the infected animals or through indirect contact such as cutaneous abrasions, tattooing implements, tuberculosis injection, contaminated materials, milking machine, long term exposure to sunlight in immunodeficient animal. Infection can be induced experimentally by intradermal injection of suspension of wart tissue (Radostits et al., 2007). Factors that induce immunodeficiency and the latent infection that has been converted to clinical disease due to the administration of the immunosuppressive drugs decides the occurrence and severity of the warts. Grossly, they appear as, filliform, cauliflower or flat in appearance with rough or smooth texture, varying from 1 cm onwards, single to multiple and dry in nature (Rana, 2010). Kavithaa and his coworkers (2014) observed fornd fibropapilloma of udder and teat is caused by BPV-1, rice grain fibropapilloma of udder is caused by BPV-5 and frond epithelial papilloma of udder and teat by BPV-6.
Preventive and therapeutic remedies:
Preventive measures reduce the chances of occurrence of the warts. Vaccination should be done at the age of 4 to 6 weeks with autogenous vaccine @ 0.4ml I/D and repeated after 4 to 6 weeks and then at one year of age (Al- Salihi, 2014). Active immunity develops within few weeks of vaccination by stimulating antiviral and antitumor immune response in the animal body (Tizard, 1996). The calf should be examined for the lesions of warts regularly and at the first sign of the wart, it should be crushed frequently until the calf is old enough to develop immunity against bovine warts. Use of bleach for halters, feeders and waterers and isolation of affected animals may slow the spread of the disease (Archana et al., 2019). Multiple vaccination with commercial vaccines should be started 100 days prior the onset of season (Pence, 2005).
There are various methods of treatment to control:
papillomas in cattle which includes autoheamotherapy, anthiomaline, homeopathic drugs and autogenous vaccine. Injection of antimony thiomalate can be given @ 10- 15 ml I/M for three alternative days (Kavithaa et al., 2014). To enhance the cellular immunity of the affected animal, Levamisole is given S/C @ 5-10ml S/C for three alternative days (Cihan et al., 2004; Sultan, 2013). Autoheamtherapy have also shown effective result in which 20 ml of blood is taken from the animal intravenously and then injected 10ml I/M and 10ml S/C to be done weekly. This therapy regulates reticulo-endothelial system and enhance the release of more macrophages which may result in regressing of the warts (Ranjan et al., 2013). Autogenous wart vaccine is also prepared in which 3 to 4 grams of the wart tissue from the affected animal is taken, washed, triturated, 10% suspension in sterile saline solution, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for few minutes and supernatant fluid is collected in sterile tube then in 100 ml of supernatant 0.4ml formalin is added and can be kept in refrigerator for 24 hours, start with 2 ml then increase by 1 ml on each time subcutaneously on alternative days six times. As the vaccine contain virus and injecting them stimulate the active immunity of the animal (Wadhwa et al., 1995; Rao et al., 2000; Sultan, 2013). Removal of papilloma by using either surgical excision approach or ligature around the base can also be applied depending size of the papilloma. Combination of Ociumum basilium leave paste (once daily for 20 days topically) and thuja 200X injection (once in four days for 4 or 5 times subcutaneously) showed shrinking of warts at 10th day and complete disappareance at 15th day (Umadevi and Umakanthan, 2013). Paksoy et al. (2015) observed effectiveness of Tarantula cubensis extract and levamisole combination against teat papillomatosis. Various homeopathic drugs includes Thuza, Causticum and Dulcumara have shown as effective treatment against papillomas in cattle (Kumar et al., 1987; Kavithaa et al., 2014). Another herbal regime, Bai-Mast herbal capsule composed of extracts of moringa tree, turmeric, awala have shown effective result against teat papilloma (Kumar and Pant, 2017). Previous studies have suggested various other alternative treatment against papilloma removal which includes antiviral drugs (cidofovir, acyclovir and ribavirin) or keratolytic (desquamating) agents such as salicylcic acid and fig tree latex (Duan et al., 2000; Wilson et al., 2000; Christensen et al., 2001). Fig tree extract considered to be more effective treatment against papillomas due to its keratolytic and proteolytic effects (Kang et al., 2000; Zargari, 2000). Salicylic acid used as keratolytic agent showed certain sideeffects which includes erosion and superficial ulceration on skin (Hardman and Limbird, 2001). Ethnoveterinary formulations includes use of soaked cumin (15 minutes soaking) (15 g), garlic petals (5 pearls), turmeric powder (10 g), sweet basil (one handful) and neem leaves (one handful) are mixed properly and paste made by mixing with butter (preferred) or ghee ( 50 g); applied topically on the clean and dry affected skin surface till the condition resolves (NDDB,2020).
Thuja occidentalis
Conclusion:
Papillomas diminish aesthetic quality of animals and reoccur due to improper hygiene. Lactating cows with warts on teats and udder pose problems in milking which leads to mastitis and various other secondary bacterial diseases Presence of warts on yoke region of the draught animals hinders their working performance. This results in reduction of the animal cost and economic losses to the farmers. Preventive and therapeutic remedies discussed in the paper are useful for veterinarians, para-veterinarians and farmers to overcome this problem.
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