Mismating or Termination of Pregnancy in Bitches: Incidence, Diagnosis and Treatment
Nagendra Singh1*, Rishi Kumar2
1 PhD Scholar, Department of Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, U.P (281001)
2 PG Scholar, Department of Livestock Product Technology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, U.P (281001)
Corresponding author’s mail I’d- snagendrasingh23@gmail.com
Abstract
In canine veterinary practice, mismating is a common clinical issue that can occur when dog owners are unaware of their dogs’ oestrus status. In recent years, the veterinarian has employed a number of techniques to end an unintended pregnancy in bitches. Because more than half of the animals are being treated unnecessarily, postpone terminating methods until pregnancy is confirmed. To prevent treating non-pregnant women with abortifacient drugs that have serious systemic side effects, termination of pregnancy should begin after trans-abdominal ultrasonography confirms pregnancy. The option of ovariectohysterectomy (OHE) would be to stop puppies from being born after unintended mating, but breeding bitches must preserve their future fertility. Therefore, it becomes essential to terminate a pregnancy medically.
Introduction
A mismating, also called a termination of pregnancy, is an inadvertent mating (misalliance) in which the health of the dam may be gravely compromised during the pregnancy and parturition, or in which the owners of the animal do not want the pregnancy to develop. Dogs have a nine-day oestrus, which is followed by a protracted mating period that can last up to a week, during which time conception can take place (Tsutsui T, 1989). Consequently, when misalliance occurs, the probability of conception is high.
Incidence
The likelihood of mismating in dogs is significantly increased by longer oestrus periods and bitches’ promiscuous behavior. The oestrus bitch’s tendency to accept a male partner and her wandering behavior also significantly increase the chance of a mismating.
Indications
There are numerous rationales for opting to eradicate the consequences of mismatch. Among them concerns are the avoidance of unwanted mating at too young or old an age, reproductive control of valuable bitches, control of pet overpopulation, avoidance of the delivery of ugly pups, and the owner’s inability to cover the expenses of raising pups.
Diagnosis
It is necessary to ascertain if the bitch was in estrus when she mated. A vaginal cytology examination can quickly determine if the bitch is in estrus. If the vaginal cytology slide is 90% to 100% cornified, the bitch is in estrus. Conversely, if there are no cornified cells on the vaginal Cytology slide, the bitch is not in estrus.
Treatment
Oestrogens
In the five days that follow mating, bitches can avoid getting pregnant by strategically utilizing oestrogens. Through the most likely means of causing endosalpinx oedema and a temporary tubal occlusion, they impede the zygote’s transit from the uterine tube to the uterine horns). Throughout a significant period of time, oestradiol benzoate was administered once either subcutaneously or intramuscularly at a dose rate of 5 to 10 mg. It has been reported more recently that lower doses of oestradiol benzoate (0.01 mg/kg) be administered on the third, fifth, and possibly seventh days after mating because it would be a safer option. There has also been discussion of abortions performed later in pregnancy. One of the negative effects of oestradiol therapy is aplastic anemia, which is linked to suppression of the bone marrow. Other side effects include endometritis, pyometra, pseudopregnancy, and the formation of ovarian follicular cysts (Bowen et al., 1985; Weiss and Kassner, 1990). One of the negative effects of oestradiol therapy is aplastic anemia, which is linked to suppression of the bone marrow. Other side effects include endometritis, pyometra, pseudopregnancy, and the formation of ovarian follicular cysts (Bowen et al., 1985; Weiss and Kassner, 1990).
Natural PGF2α
Natural PGF2α is more effective than analogues when given subcutaneously twice daily consecutively at a dose rate of 150 to 270 mg/kg on days 10 to 14 after the bitch has entered metoestrus or pregnancy, according to exfoliative vaginal cytology (Romagnoli et al. 1993). According to earlier reports, there were unacceptably severe adverse effects when the pregnancy ended later, between 25 and 30 days (Lein et al., 1989). At this point, it’s debatable if PGF2α needs to be utilized for this purpose.
Progesterone-receptor antagonists
According to Galacte et al. (2000) and Fieni et al. (2001), progesterone-receptor antagonist therapy (Mifeprestone and algeprestone) appeared to be a more acceptable and effective course of action. Antiluteotrophic drugs can trigger abortion by blocking progesterone’s ability to act at the receptor level as well as the CLs’ ability to synthesize progesterone.
Dopamine agonist
Dopamine agonists, such as cabergoline and bromocriptine, which inhibits prolactin release and thereby indirectly eliminates the luteotrophic support for the CLs, have been used to terminate bitch pregnancies. The dosage was 1.65 mug/kg, applied subcutaneously for 5 days at 25–40 days of gestation (Onclin et al. 1993). It is not without risk, however, as it can cause uterine inertia, which can result in the retention of puppies that are mauled. In contrast to the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine, it has no unpleasant side effects. Whereas alternate parenteral routes are used to administer cloprostenol (5 mug/kg) every other day, oral administration of cabergoline (5 mug/kg) is the most common method. Abortion or resorption usually happens ten days after treatment starts. Whenever an unwanted pregnancy is ended, always keep close monitoring on the baby, particularly if sequential transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography is being used.
Conclusion
It is necessary to confer with the client before determining how to handle a mismatch. The client needs to be informed about the cost, safety, efficacy, convenience, and treatment compliance of any medication before taking it. A single dosage of 0.20 mg/kg of oestradiol benzoate given two days after mating could safely prevent pregnancy in dogs. It appears that the delay in embryonic descent in the uterine tube caused by oestradiol benzoate therapy led to embryonic degradation.
References
Bowen, R. A., Olson, P. N., Behrendt, M. D., Wheeler, S. L., Husted, P. W., & Nett, T. M. (1985). Efficacy and toxicity of oestrogens commonly used to terminate canine pregnancy. Journal of the American veterinary medical association, 186(8), 783-788.
Fieni, F., Topie, E., & Gogny, A. (2014). Medical treatment for pyometra in dogs. Reproduction In domestic animals, 49, 28-32.
Lein, D. H. (1989). Termination of pregnancy in bitches by administration of prostaglandin F-2α.J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 39, 231-240.
Romagnoli, S. E., Camillo, F., Cela, M., Johnston, S. D., Grassi, F., Ferdeghini, M., & Aria, G. (1993). Clinical use of prostaglandin F2 alpha to induce early abortion in bitches: serum Progesterone, treatment outcome and interval to subsequent oestrus. Journal of Reproduction and fertility. Supplement, 47, 425-431.
Tsutsui, T. (1989). Gamete physiology and timing of ovulation and fertilization in Dogs. Journal Of reproduction and fertility. Supplement, 39, 269-275.
Weiss, D. J., & Klausner, J. S. (1990). Drug-associated aplastic anaemia in dogs: eight cases (1984-1988). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196(3), 472-475.
