Need of Intra-Ruminal Biosensors in India

Need of Intra-Ruminal Biosensors in India

Nanavare Apurv Shirish , Mvsc student

Department Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine

College Of veterinary and animal science Parbhani ,Maharashtra

 

Dr Meera Sakhare

Assistant Professor

Department Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine

College Of veterinary and animal science Parbhani, Maharashtra

 

Abstract

Rumen and reticulum being 80% part of ruminal stomach. Most of the abdominal dysfunction located in rumen and reticulum only, It is very much important to monitor ruminal environment regularly. India is still lacking advance technologies for monitoring ruminal environment on daily basis. Cow ruminal biosensor bolus is one of the advanced technology is very much important in India for detection of 1) Sub acute ruminal acidosis 2) estrus detection 3) calving detection 4) For mastitis detection. Smaxtec one of the leading brand available in market apart from above it gives additional information about feed efficiency, drinking behavior, individual activity of cattle.

 

Introduction

India has huge Livestock which provides livelihood to two-third of rural community. It also provides employment to about 8.8 % of the population in India. India has vast livestock resources. Livestock sector contributes 4.11% GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The provisional estimates showed that in financial year 2019, there were over 123 thousand cattle deaths across India due to various reasons in comparison to other part diagnosis of ruminants, ruminal environment is mostly manually diagnose by ruminal ph and motility In many cases such as sub-acute ruminal acidosis, ruminal environment disturb without appearing sign and symptoms.  Thermal environment is a major factor that can negatively influence animal physiology also Ruminal dysfunction affects the productive response of cattle

Hence, suitable real-time monitoring system sensor technology was identified for measuring variables, together with a wireless communication system based on Radio Frequency protocol

 

 

What is Intra ruminal Bolus

 

Detection of ruminal motility in cattle by a bolus-type wireless sensor. The bolus sensor can be orally administered to cattle and was  placed in the reticulum for continuous measurements. The probe was almost horizontal to the  longitudinal axis. Accelerometer measures ruminal temperature. Gyroscope measured ruminal motility.

 

USE OF INTRA-RUMINAL BOLUS

 

Use of intra ruminal bolus for diagnosis of sub-acute ruminal acidosis

 

Zabsta et al.,(2019) conducted research on sub acute ruminal acidosis

• Subacute ruminal acidosis ( SARA) may be a common and economically important problem for dairy cattle
• Clinical signs include decreased intake of Dry matter , lameness, inflammation of rumen, liver abscesses, and pulmonary bacterial emboli.
• However, evidence of clinical sign associated with SARA are often varied, which precludes definitive diagnosis of the condition based solely on clinical signs.
• Apart from this, clinical signs may appear several weeks after episodes of ruminal acidosis
• Ruminal pH varies considerably at different locations in the rumen ; therefore, ruminal fluid for pH evaluation should be collected from the same region of the rumen at each sampling.
• This is time consuming for human and bothering for animal
• In such case intra ruminal device is useful which give earlier sign of change in ph before disease progress to acute acidosis in these context intra ruminal device very useful to control the disease

 

 

Use of intra ruminal bolus for estrus detection.

Anache et al., (2018) use T1-BOLUS use of intraruminal bolus with temperature sensor (Trr),

After bolus placement, the FTAI protocol used was: Day 0: placement of intravaginal device of P4 and application of EB (2mg) I.M .; D8: removal of the device and application of PGF2α (500μg) IM, ECP (1mg) IM and 300 IU of eCG, IM, and marking the animals with the chalk in the Sacro-caudal region and in the dorsal region, to facilitate identification in observation visual analysis with the drone, which occurred twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 60 minutes on days 9 and 10. FTAT was performed at D10, where estrus expression (ESCT 1-3) was evaluated.

• Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 days after the FTAI, with transrectal ultrasonography. The expression of estrus according to the method was evaluated by the Chi-square test .

 

Use For calving detection.

Costa et al., (2016) The objective of this research was to define and analyze drops in reticule-rumen temperature (Trr) as an indicator of calving time in Holstein female. each female received an orally administered temperature sensing reticule-rumen bolus that collected temperatures hourly.

• Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to estimate the probability of calving within the next 12 or 24 h for primiparous, parous, and all females, based on the size of the Temperature drop. For all GLM, a large drop in Temperature corresponded with a large estimated probability of calving.
• The predictive power of the GLM was assessed using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The ROC curve analyses showed that all models, regardless of methodology in calculation of the baseline or tested category (primiparous or parous), were able to predict calving;

 

Use for early detection of mastitis

Kim et al.,(2019) conducted study the purpose of this research is early detection of mastitis by monitoring the pathogenesis of mastitis through real-time measurements of the rumen temperature by utilizing an ingestible biosensor.

• The ingestible bio-sensor used for this research is orally administered and settles in the rumen. This biosensor can measure the cattle’s body temperature accurately without any interference from the ambient environment.
• The study results showed 15 subclinical mastitis incidences including recurrences from 9 cows, with 14 alert messages sent from the body temperature monitoring system.
• The average temperature of high fever cases was 41.10 °C. and the temperature difference between the average temperature of the experimental animals and the highest temperature of mastitis afflicted animals was on average 2.42 °C which shows that mastitis is accompanied with a high rise in body temperature.

 

SMAXTEC BOLUS

 

       Smaxtec bolus  one of the leading brand from Austria

• The smaXtec solution consists of a measuring device located in the rumen of the animal (bolus), meaning that additional devices such as pedometers, collars or ear tags are not required.
• The bolus is administered orally and stays in the rumen for the animal’s lifetime without the risk of loss or shifting. It measures rumen temperature and activity (via accelerometer) continuously at 10 min intervals with activity measurement not affected by rumen motility.
• The recordings are read out by a simple plug& play infrastructure (Base Station and Repeater), which automatically transfers the data to the smaXtec cloud.
• This online approach means that data is accessible anywhere anytime and is permanently saved. The software (smaXtec Messenger) functions as an online platform for data and alert access, general organization and data sharing with veterinarians, consultants or farm staff. Notifications can be also received on smart devices such as tablets or smartphones (Android, iOS).
• This bolus typically increases in activity during heat are detected immediately and lead to the above-mentioned alert notifications being sent to the herdsman. Cow- individual activity levels are considered within the data processing.
• The heat events are presented to the farmer as graph (For list , where also the status of the event can be noted (e.g. insemination or pregnancy). Thus, the dairy cows’ history of previously successfully conducted inseminations can be documented in the software to calculate the expected lactation. Via the included temperature recording, the system also provides calving management support. About 15h before calving dairy cows show a drop in temperature, which enables onset of calving to be detected by the smaXtec system. Furthermore, continuous temperature measurement provides additional information about drinking behavior, which is relevant in addressing issues relating to health as well as to feeding.
• The combination of 24/7 activity and temperature measurement enables one-stop health monitoring and early disease detection. In addition, the smaXtec system also offers pH measurement (Premium bolus) enabling the monitoring of rumen conditions relating to health (acidosis detection) and feeding management quality (feed conversion efficiency).

Disadvantage of intra-ruminal devices

• Their wide-scale deployment remains constrained by the relatively short lifespan of the pH sensors
• The disadvantages of obtaining contents through a probe include the risk of mixing saliva
• High in cost

Review of biosensors in point of view in Indian context

• Use of such sensor is very important as in india most of the milk source is dairy cattle.
• Rumen is major compartment of ruminant digestive tract as most of digestibility issue are located in rumen only for healthy rumen balance ph and temperature is desire. any change on those parameter would change in production in animal
• Even sometimes veterinarian fail to recover the affected animal so if the ruminal dysfunction diagnose as in early stage it would be easy to recover the animal
• By considering this intra-ruminal device is so important

 

Constrain

• Expensive
• Technical illiteracy about product in india (Indian farmer)
• Management after malfunctioning of device
• Small heard size

Reference

https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/application-of-biosensors-technology-for-monitoring-of-animal-health-care-livestock-management-2/

Costa Jr, J. B. G., Ahola, J. K., Weller, Z. D., Peel, R. K., Whittier, J. C., & Barcellos, J. O. J. (2016). Reticulo-rumen temperature as a predictor of calving time in primiparous and parous Holstein females. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(6), 4839-4850.

 

http;//smaxtec .com/wp-content/upload/2020/08/2017 stein-based-activity-heat-detection-with the smaxtec-intraruminal-bolus-system-pdf

 

Anache, N. A., Silva, K. C., Rodrigues, W. B., Jara, J. P., CARDOSO, C., & NOGUEIRA, E. (2018). Estrus identification methods as an alternative to optimize IATF results. In Embrapa Pantanal-Resumo em anais de congresso (ALICE). Animal Reprodroduction, v. 15, n. 3, p. 380, Jul./Sept. 2018. Abstract A065. Edição dos Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Embryo Technology Society (SBTE); Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, August 16th to 18th, 2018..

 

Antanaitis, R., Juozaitienė, V., Rutkauskas, A., Televičius, M., & Stasiulevičiūtė, I. (2018). Reticulorumen temperature and pH as indicators of the likelihood of reproductive success. Journal of Dairy Research, 85(1), 23-26.

 

Kim, H., Min, Y., & Choi, B. (2019). Real-time temperature monitoring for the early detection of mastitis in dairy cattle: Methods and case researches. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 162, 119-125.

 

García-Ramírez, P. J., Hernández-Beltrán, A., Domínguez-Mancera, B., Cervantes-Acosta, P., Vergara-Limon, S., & Vargas-Treviño, M. A. D. Design of an intra-ruminal wireless communication sensing system for measuring temperature and pH of cattle.

http://arccarticles.s3.amazonaws.com/arcc/Attachment-at-accept-article-B-1053.pdf

Arai, S., Okada, H., Sawada, H., Takahashi, Y., Kimura, K., & Itoh, T. (2019). Evaluation of ruminal motility in cattle by a bolus-type wireless sensor. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 19-0487.

 

Zabasta, A., Kunicina, N., Vitols, K., Duritis, I., Grunde, U., Judvaitis, J., … & Galkins, I. (2019, November). Low-power wireless sensor network system for early diagnostic of subacute rumen acidosis in cows. In 2019 IEEE 7th IEEE Workshop on Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (AIEEE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.