OESTRUS CYCLE & BREEDING MANAGEMENT IN CANINE

OESTRUS CYCLE & BREEDING MANAGEMENT IN CANINE

(Units of Hormone quantity expression- Oestrogen=pmol/L , Progesterone-nmol/L,LH- mico gm/L)

Definition of Oestrus Cycle– It is a set of recurring physiological changes(cyclic changes) induced by Reproductive Hormones(estrogens/progesterone/LH/FSH etc.) in Females of mammalian species ( subclass-Theria) which starts after puberty ( sexual maturity) and are interrupted by anoestrous phase( rest phase/ di-oestrous phase) or by Pregnancy. It comprises of sequencing  phases Pro-oestrus, Oestrus, Met-oestrus, Dioestrus and anoestrous)

Definition of Oestrus- ( derived from Greek word-“oistros”/sexual season/gadfly/frenzy/sting/madness/)- It is a recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many females mammals indicating the period from 1^st sexual acceptance of Male by Female during oestrus to last sexual acceptance of Male by Female during oestrus.{ Period of Heat(“IN HEAT”-USA English/”ON HEAT” –UK English) -term used in Mare/Cattle/Dog-season or oestrus }

Dog-Monoestrous animal having one or two oestrous during a year.

Cat-Polyoestrous- multiples times a year

Cattle/Sheep/Goat/Pig etc.- Polyoestrous

Buffalo & Sheep-Seasonally Polyoestrous

On day of delivery if mated then also conception-Rat & Rabbit

Oestrous Cycle length-{ Dog- 9 Day(4-24 Days but bleed from 7 Days to 10 Days with Puberty 6-18 months lasting up to 3 months with inter oestrous period of 7 months( 4-12 months) having prolong inter oestrous perid after 8 years of age./Cat-14-21 Days if not pregnant or Pseudo pregnant or illness)/Cattle,Buffalo,Shhep,Goat-20 Days when Day of Oestrus is counted as “0” Day/Pig-19-24 Days with receptivity of 1-3 Days with puberty at 8 months /Camel- 28 Days but require stimulus of coitus/Rabbit-/Elephant-13-18 weeks-nearly 2 months-longest among mammals- after 1-3 days of ovulation progesterone increases & luteal phase last for 6-12 weeks with fertility period within 50–65 years having pregnancy in every 4 years with 4-5 babies during life span of 60-70 years being matured at 12-14 years/Rhino- 4-6 weeks with 6 months lactation /Lion- 18 Days/Tiger- 3-9 weeks with receptivity 3-6 Days/Monkey- 29-30 Days with receptivity 4-5 Days/Giraf-14-15 Days/Birds-seasonal breeders for different birds/Dikes animals have only one wife for lifelong}

Stages of Oestrous Phase-

• Pro-oestrous– 9 Days(3-17 Days)-It is defined the period where Female is sexually attractive with rejection of Male’s advance for copulation desire till 1^st It is characterised with sero-sanguineous vulvar discharge with TUMIFICATION( Vulvar swelling) .It is fore-play period without allowing for mating.
• Oestrous- 9 Days( 3-21 Days)- It is defined the period where Female is sexually attractive with acceptance of Male’s advance for copulation desire(passive behaviour) till last mating. It is characterised with decreased sero-sanguineous vulvar discharge & turning to straw colour with decreased TUMIFICATION( Vulvar swelling with 80-100% superficial vaginal cells seen) as time advances. Many folds of Vaginal canal with enlargement is marked.
• Di-oestrous ( met-oestrous)- 70 Days- or 2-3 months-It is defined the period where Female is no more sexually attractive with complete rejection of Male’s advance for copulation desire from last mating. It is characterised with no vulvar discharge with decreased no TUMIFICATION( Vulvar swelling-thickening, hypermic & oedematous ) .Vaginal fold flattened, pink & flaccid with 50% of superficial cells. Oestrogen level low during Dioestrus except slight rise before parturition. Progesterone rises to 15-80ng/ml in 1 st week of Dioestrus then decreases towards latter part. Prolactin is higher during Pregnancy. Gestation length coincides with litter size & parity.
• Anoestrus- 7 months( 4-12 months)-It is defined the period where Female is quiescent with complete rejection of Male’s for copulation desire. It is characterised with no sero-sanguineous/straw coloured  vulvar discharge with normal vulva. Closure of & narrowing of Vaginal & cervical canal.

 

• Follicular Phase– Tertiary follicles develops in Ovary resulting Oestradiol( Oestrogen) Hormone production with peak Plasma Oestrogen level of 180-370 pmol/l (picomol per litre of Blood )towards end of pro-oestrous. Before 1-2 Days of pre-Ovulatory LH surge the follicle development is not marked clearly due to Ovarian bursa .At mid-pro-oestrous the Graffian Follicle appears clear greyish with indistinct boundary on ovarian surface. Thease follicles develop gradually to fluid filled vesicular follicles protruding above ovarian surface. Externally ser-sanguineous discharge with tomification of vulva and Cervix( can be palpated) as well as Uterine Horn becomes hypermea & elongated.  Study of Vaginal wall Cytology illustrates % of superficial cells increases & Para-Basal & small intermediate cells % decreases as well as Erythrocytes & Leucocytes Oestrous behaviour is exhibited during pre & post LH surge with ballooning of pale mucosal fold having blood between the vaginal folds .  Here FSH concentration is low but pulsatile ( release at short time interval not continuously) release LH concentration is  high in Blood serum. Progesterone level is low initially but increases towards late stage of follicular phase resulting partial luteinisation of follicles( except MGFs).
• Pre–Ovulatory Luteinisation & Ovulation-( Ovulation in Bitch is progesterone concentration dependant not like other species on Oestrogen concentration) Pre-Ovulatory(preovulatory follicle size is 4-9 mm diameter) LH surge starts on declining of Oestrogen & increase of Progesterone with lasting for 24-72 hours .In dogs ovulation of ova takes place within 12-24 hours in peak LH level( Progeterone-6-13nmol/L at LH peak & Progesterone-  15-25 nmol(4-10 ng/ml)/L at Ovulation) as Primary Oocytes level-immature stage ( but in other species at Secondary Oocytes level).After ovulation of multiple Primary Oocytes then CL . Ovulation takes place within 24 hours of LH surge. After 2-3 days of Ovulation Oocytes matures to Secondary Oocytes in Fallopian tube resulting 1^st Meiotic Division for exclusion of 1^st Polar body to effect fertilisation. After 1-2 Days latter of LH peak & 36-48 hours letter of Ovulation the FSH peak occurs for shrinkage of tomification & luteinisation of follicles.
• LH increases- At Pro –oestrus (up to 10 days back of oestrus ) & 50-60 days post oestrus cycle .
• Progesterone- gradually increases from ‘O’ day  to 20 days of oestrus cycle & decrease from 20 days  40 days with peak at 20 days.
• Luteal Phase- Progesterone level increases(1-3 days pre ovulation & 2-3 days post ovulation) as secreted from CL formed after Ovulation during reaming period of oestrus & start of Dioestrus .Progesterone level increases to the peak level of 15-25 nmol/L and continues till 10-30 days post ovulation. If pregnant does not occur then Progesterone level gradually decreases to basal level of 3nmol/L within 75 Days post ovulation indicating start of Luteal phase. Dog is changed from oestrous phase to Dioestrus phase at initial stage of luteal phase(6-10 days of post ovulation). The Vaginal Cytology changes from primary superficial cells to mainly intermediate & par basal cells with predominant Leucocytes exhibition indicating fertile period has expired. During Oocytes maturation ( transformation from Primary Oocytes to Secondary Oocytes) shrinkage of Vaginal mm continues with proliferation of sharp edged profile cells appear thin & rounded with location of white & red patches .
• Prolactin Hormone act as leutotrophic action in dog to enable regress of CL in 2^nd part of Luteal phase ( From 30 days to 75 Days post ovulation)(But in Bovines & Sheep the endometrial secrets PGF2 Alpha for luteinisation of CL) .So, hysterectomy in bitches does not influence Luteal p
• During 1 st half of Luteal Phase- ( within 30 days post ovulation) CL functions independent of Pituitary Hormone .
• Inhibition of Prolactin cause sharp decrease in Progesterone level
• LH has no change in first half of Luteal phase but slight increase in 2^nd phase of Luteal phase.
• Pseudo-Pregnancy– It is a syndrome to a greater or lesser degree accompanies the extension of Luteal phase in all non-pregnant ovarian cyclic bitches.

i-It is of Physiologic/covert pseudo pregnancy– mild-automatically cures within 21 days.

ii- Overt/clinical pseudo pregnancy—It exhibits mammary gland development with stripping of milk from Sacral teats-posterior pair of teats ( generally not thoracic teat) but not simile to Pregnant mammary gland development i.e. less developed mammary gland in comparison to pregnant mammary gland.

• Prolactin H-Mammary Gland develops under the influence of Prolactin(lobular-alveolar development) in Luteal phase like progesterone in normal pubertal mammary gland development . Milk secretion under influence of Prolactin in both the cases( Pseudo & normal pregnancy).
• Growth hormone– proliferate & differentiate mammary gland tissue by local autocrine & paracrine effects) but due to progesterone influence in Luteal phase like Oestrogen in normal pubertal mammary glad development . GH is secretion in pulsatile manner is less in 1^st phase of Luteal then 2 nd phase of Luteal.GH produced in mammary gland in non pregnant bitches of  luteal phase  as Progesterone level decreases & Prolactin increases as in Luteal phase Pituitary is uninfluenced/suppressed.
• ANOESTRUS-It is phase of gradual process of transition from Luteal phase to Anoestrus varing from Breed to breed starting from 2-3 months after unset of Oestrus where progesterone is below basal level of 3 nmol/L with shrinkage of mammary gland with no evident of progesterone on endometrium .
• Anoestrus to Oestrus( follicular phase) transition may occur at any time of the year with seasonal effect.
• Inter-oestrous period –Collie breed-36 weeks( 9 months)/Alsesian-20-22 weeks(5-5 & ½ months)/Basenji & Tibetian Mastiff –once in a year/ etc
• Inter-oestrus period- ( controlled by Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian axix) is affected by seasonal effect, photoperiodicity ,health of animal, extreme stress, confinement( anoestrous bitch kept closer to oestrus bitch will come to oestrus nearly simultaneously)
• Release of greater amplitude & higher pulsatile manner of GnRH from Hypothalamus to effect Pituitary in turn to Ovary
• Increase of basal plasma FSH level initiates folliculogenesis
• Pulsatile release of LH initiates Pro-oestrous.
• Decrease of “OPIODERGIC”(chemical/drug –endorphin/enkephallin/dynorphin/noclceptin etc.act directly to modulate opoid neurosystem of brain) activity promote LH release resulting onset of pro-oestrous.
• Hypothalamic m-RNA encoding estrogens receptors to have influence on Gene to aromatise P450 aromatase to catalyse Oestrogen biosynthesis.
• Generally plasma oestradiol concentration do not rise until late Anoestrous.
• Anoestrous phase allows for uterine involution & endometrial repaire
• In late Anoestrous( before start of pro oestrous– Estrogens level-5-10 ng/ml & progesterone <1ng/ml
• Dopaminergic effect for inter-oestrous period regulation/induced Oestrpus-It influences folliculogenesis in bitch.
• Dopamine agonist- { decreases plasma Prolactin concentration resulting shortening of Anoestrous)}-
• Bromocriptine- Low dose of Bromocriptine induces rise in basal plasma FSH level resulting folliculogenesis without increase in basal plasma level of Prolactin. Dose –20 microgram /Kg BW/twice a day can shorten inter oestrous period from 245 days to 100 days ( oestrus appear within 45 days if Bromocriptine administration 100 days post ovulation with normal fertility rate).Bromocriptine also anti Prolactin.
• Carbergolin-
• GnRH- Administer 15-500 ng/Kg BW/7-9 days- The GnRH analog –drug if taken orally then non effective -Leuprolide/goserelin/triptorelin/histrelin- (inhibit estrogen & androgen activity also used in advanced prostrate cancer)- is administered on 1 st day of induction of oestrous followed by
• GnRH agonist–it synthetic product with same action as analog but effective orally-(production of sex hormones from testes/ovary by blocking other hormones require for same-block testes to produce testosterone & estrogen + progesterone from ovary).
• GnRH antagonist– stop pituitary to produce FSH & LH – Drug name-degarlix/cetrorelix/goserelin acetate/ganirelix-
• Porcine LH- increase plasma oestradiol level resulting folliculogenesis .If insufficient LH is given then do not act as deficiency FSH receptors is there.
• Anoestrous can be induced by-
• Progestagens
• Gluco-corticoids by decrease GnRH H

BREEDING MANAGEMENT IN DOGS

1-Factors to be considered–

• Healthy Female & Male
• Normal fertility status of Male & Female with Genitalia of having cystic endometrial hyperplasia.
• Age & Breeding history of Both
• Recurring Examination of Female during, Follicular stage( Pro-oestrous, Ovulation( Oestrus phase) ,Pregnancy phase

2-History of Reproductive Data–

• Age at 1^st Oestrous
• Inter-oestrous period
• If no oestrous within 18 months then considered as Primary Anoestrous due to true hermaphroditic or pseudo- hermaphroditic
• If prolong inter –oestrous interval- Oestrous happens in more than 12 months(>one Year) or double the period of normal inter –oestrus interval due to may be one of aetiology is Hypothyroidism-It may exhibit weak oestrous symptoms /prolong pro oestrous/shortened pro oestrous(abbreviated) etc.
• >8 years of age- result irregular oestrus/prolong inter-oestrus period/silent oestrus /un- observed oestrous/split oestrous( within < 4 months)/persistent oestrous
• In Bitch Pro-oestrous & Oestrous phase is 9 days each, sometime prolong pro-oestrous is observed when no ovulation within 25 days of unset of pro-oestrous due to low progesterone ( <16 noml/L). If plasma oestrsdiol level did not increase constantly( required for oestrus exhibition) then prolong Oestrous phase is observed  in case of Cystic Ovary or ovarian tumour.
• Also consider the times of mating, conception chance, if conceived then number of puppies during last mating.
• Behavioural problem or inexperience of Male/Female may lead to non conception
• Acquired Anomalies of Reproductive tract like stricture/adhesion/septa-division/hyperplasia/ of bitch during local  treatment with irritant drugs at virginities or genetic abnormalities of Reproductive Tract Organs.
• Infertility problems like Canine Brucellosis( EED, abortion within 45 days -55 days of IUL, lymphoadenopathy, infertility/poor reproductive performance etc.)/canine herpes virus infection( high % of puppy death at 1 st week of birth but no infertility etc.)/CEH(cystic endometrial hyperplasia)-endometrities-mainly pyrometra in non-tubctomised bitches/ mating programme lacking
• CEH without endometrities can be detected by USG
• Genetic unmatched Male –Female conception may result high % of puppy death

3-Examination of Bitch-

• General examination
• Gynaecological examination by palpation of Uterus
• Digital evaluation of vagina-vaginal cytology
• Alternate exm. After 5-6 days of pro-oestrous–
• Vulvar size & tomification
• Vaginal cytological findings
• Vaginal discharge quantity & colour
• Vaginoscopy-
• Behavioural changes for LH peak
• Split heat ( in adult & pubertal bitches is normal)- follicular phase stopped resulting of regress of follicles before ovulation but resumes after few days /weeks indicating ovulation will occur
• Sequential examination-
• Determine ovulation period for right time mating in stead of normal practice of 9^th,11 th,13 th days of start of pro-oestrous as oestrus starts after 9 th day & continues for next 9 days.
• Plasma progesterone estimation for accurate time of ovulation detection ( >3nmol/L to < 16 nmol/L-it is done by Radio Immune Assay( RIA method to give accurate result than ELISA test or USG)& Vaginoscopy is right method of mating time detection.
• Progesterone-<2ng/ml –>Vaginal discharge red, copious with cells of superficial, intermediate are observed but & Leucocytes, par basal, Erythrocytes observed with tomification & ballooning  -> early follicular phase & examine alternate day->
• Progesterone-<2ng/ml –>Vaginal discharge brown with cells of par basal, intermediate & Leucocytes observed except tomification -> split heat resulting to wait for follicular phase
• Progesterone <5ng/ml-> Vaginal discharge red and extends beyond 26 Days with cells of Superficial, intermediate & Erythrocytes observed with tomification & shrinkage -> persistent oestrous for Ovarian follicular cyst or ovarian tumour.
• Progesterone->2ng/ml to <5ng/ml-> Vaginal discharge red with cells of Superficial, intermediate & Erythrocytes observed with slight tomification & shrinkage -> preovulatory peak LH period & expected mating in 3-4 days with re-exam 2 days later( just before mating)
• Progesterone->5ng/ml to <12ng/ml-> Vaginal discharge red & straw colour decrease with cells of Superficial, intermediate & occasionally Erythrocytes observed with less tomification & progressive shrinkage -> ovulation & maturation period and allow mating in 1-2 days later.
• Progesterone->12ng/ml -> Vaginal discharge red & straw colour decrease with cells of Superficial, intermediate  observed with less tomification & increased shrinkage -> fertilisation period and allow immediate mating & PD 20-30days later.
• Progesterone->12ng/ml -> Vaginal discharge brown colour decrease with cells of Superficial, para basal, intermediate, Leucocytes observed with decreased tomification &  shrieked -> fertilisation period over and lead to Dioestrus or luteal phase.
• For AI in bitches then fresh sperm life span is longer than chilled/frozen semen so progesterone estimation will result conception in single AI.
• During ovulation plasma progesterone level exceed 16 nmol/L & do AI 24 hr latter of ovulation to allow time for maturation of primary Oocytes to secondary Oocytes( exclusion of 1^st polar body) ,capacitation (requires 6 hours for both Gametes-male & female- maturation of sperm leading to removal of Acrosomal cap & desegementation of from neck of sperm to be enable for fertilisation),
• Vaginoscopy may help to detect Ovulation time
• No abnormality then protestors starts
• Mate at least twice in 48 hours interval 

  c-Additional Exam.-

• Vaginal culture (if > 100 colonies per culture- is done if genital inflammation suspected) – to eradicate infections like Pasteurella/B-haemolytic strepto-cocci/E.Coli/
• Vaginal prolapsed
• Hermaphrodite
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperadenocorticosim
• Local medication- on vaginal inflammation is spermicidal , so no mating after treatment for GT inflammation.
• Caesiognosis/Verum/PD-
• At 26-32 days of post mating –abdominal palpate for foetal bump/swelling of ping-pong size
• USG -if 1-2 foetal amniotic vesicles ( foetal bump of ping-pong size) are suspected
• In bitches foetuses can be absorbed at any stage of gestation

Ovarian & Oestrus Cycle abnormalities–

1-VARIATION IN OESTROUS CYCLE-

a-Delayed Puberty-

• Normal oestrous occurs when 70% of height & BW of adult of a breed is achieved. Small breeds at 6-10 months of age, large breeds at 18-24 months.
• Delayed puberty if no puberty till 2-2.5 years of age as depends on family history but once started then continues regularly

b-Silent Heat Cycle-

• Minimum tomification, less vaginal discharge with insignificant sexual behavioural changes observed
• (eyeing-visual stimulation)-Kennelling an intact male dog in the side of female help initiation of oestrous
• Requires weekly vaginal cytology for detection of silent heat
• Use of white bedding to locate spot of blood during silent oestrous
• Monthly Progesterone assay to detect oestrous
• Differentiation of true Anoestrous( generally due to defective RT Organs) & silent heat is required

c-Split Heat Cycle-

• Pro-oestrous & early oestrous is abnormally short
• Lack of sexual receptivity
• Infertility if forced breeding or AI
• Waves of folliculogenesis with increased oestrogen level but without ovulation
• Follicular Artesia without progesterone production
• Haemorrhagic Vaginal discharge with attraction of male but not receptive( do not allow mating)
• In young for immaturity & adult( previously correct) for stress
• Cortisol level( adenocortico hormone) increase under stress due to shipping, kennelling( coffining the roaming bitches),travel etc. inhibit LH surge require for ovulation.
• Reoccurrence of oestrous cycle after 2-2.5 months of 1^st occurrence without ovulation occurs
• Vaginal cytology at early oestrous->progesterone(<2ng/ml) assay after 1-2 weeks for folliculogenesis -> without ovulation or luteinisation for lack of peak of LH occurs
• Hypothalamus->Pituitary-> Ovarian axis abnormalities

d-Management Errors-

• Time of breeding 9,11,13( within 10-14 day) days after vaginal bleeding ,if ignored or early or lat mating result non conception.
• Estimation of Vaginal cytology( for oestrous detection), progesterone( for folliculogenesis) & LH ( for ovulation)require to detect fertile period & mating there by.
• Behaviour( un-experience with experience on sex) & physical( physically challenged) problem interfere or not allow for mating even at appropriate time.
• Vulva/vaginal abnormalities like stricture/septate band-can be retracted by “Spay Hook”/vaginal hyperplasia(protrusion of vagina mainly due to prolonged pro-oestrus/estrous due to follicular ovarian cyst) make intromission painful.
• Pre breeding checking with solution( may opt for AI when required) methods may ameliorate the problem.

2-PATTERNS OF ABNORMAL OESTROUS CYCLE.

a-Prolonged pro-oestrous or Oestrous–

• When vaginal bleeding ( uterine origin) continues incessantly >21–28 consecutive days during oestrous cycle with attractiveness to male but not allow mating.
• It is for persistent secretion of oestrogen with lack of pulsatile release of Progesterone( required for acceptance of Male)
• Ovarian Follicular cyst-(non Ovulatory & endometrial hyperplasia with Progesterone level 2—5ng/ml)generally seen in bitches < 3 years of age-( like cyst adenoma/adenocarcinoma  of ovarian epithelium origin) &  secretory neoplasias(Tumour)-generally bitches > 5 years of age(  tumours of gonadal-stromal origin like granulose theca tumour accompanied with endometrial hyperplasia) results persistent secretion of oestrogen with lack of progesterone. May be uni or both ovary of follicular cyst as well as tumour.
• Ovarian cysts with solitary( single) larger follicle (1–5 cm in diameter) lined with granulose cells than normal pro gestural follicle becomes anovulatory
• Bi-lateral follicular cyst leads to Hypothalamus->Pituitary-> Ovarian axis impairment.
• DD-Vaginal bleeding may result to injury/secondary to infection/inflammation/neoplasias of GT/VG/foreign body/coagulopathy(failure to blood clot)
• Administration of excess exogenous estrogens( Di-ethyl stilbosterol/estradiol cypionate for mis-mating case/relax urethral spnictor etc. may also result bone marrow dyscrasias(disease of bone marrow resulting decrees in production of all types of cells)/endometrial gland hyperplasia or cyst/pyrometra complex/ovarian cyst etc.
• Follicular cysts may regress/Artesia/luteinised automatically without any treatment without exhibiting prolong proestrous/oestrous.(pre Ovulatory follicular size-4-9 mm in diameter)
• If not regress spontaneously then may lead to atretic follicle/CL then bleeding continues without accepting Male resulting anaemia/vaginal hyperplasia/ bone marrow dyscrasias etc..Do treatment( GnRH-50-100 ug/bitch once daily for 3 days through I/M route( mostly preferred as no antigenic effect) or hCG-22IU/Kg BW/bitch once daily for 3 days through I/M route) as desired. Progesterone treatment not advised as lead to cystic endometrial hyperplasia or pyrometra.
• Surgical removal of cyst/tumor is another option of treatment
• Prolonged pro-oestrous when Progesterone ( >2-5ng/ml) may pro-oestrous extends to 9-10 weeks(1-1 to 1/2 month)

b-Prolonged inter-oestrous interval-.

• Prolong inter-oestrous period results prolong Dioestrus or anoestrous phase.
• Anoestrous( secondary anoestrous) beyond 16-20 months due to non function of ovary even normal oestrous happened previously
• Dopamine agonist(Bromocriptin(parlodel)/cabergolin/apomophine(apokyn)/pramipexole(mirapex)/ropinirole(requip) inhibits Prolactin secretion ( to stop galactrrhoea)& initiates Oestrogen & LH secretion towards end of Anoestrus for proestrual folliculogenesis.
• Dopamine agonist-can be used to shorten inter-oestrus period in Normal/ split oestrus of unknown aetiology.
• Bromocriptine dose in Dog-
• To check lactation(anti-galactorrhea)- 5 mg/bitch/once daily for 3 days but not regularly as cause side effects like increase hypertension & psychiatric disorder.
• In pseudo pregnancy- of 30 microgram/Kg BW /for 16 days or 10 microgram/Kg for 10 days along with metoclopromide()-0.5 mg/Kg to check vomition as side effect(metoclopromide has no effect on Bromocriptine)
• Anti parkinsonian disease- 5 mg/human/once daily for 8 years.
• Depressant purpose- In psychogenic depressant
• Carbergolin-(dostinex)-(Act within 3 hours after administration)
• is better to stop lactation in non breast feeding mothers @ .25 daily for 7 days & also used to treat high blood pressure
• To induce oestrous for bitch in primary or secondary anoestrous & safe with little side effects @ 5 microgram/kg /once daily until 2 days after unset of pro- oestrous.( generally Carbergolin is given for 16 days in an average)
• In pseudo pregnancy- of .25 to .5 microgram/kg/once daily for 4-6 days resolve normalisation of oedematous mammary gland within 7 days and 2 nd dose required to normalise physiologically. Spaying may resolve future occurance.
• In pseudo pregnancy- of mergestrol acetate ( only approved drug by USA for pseudo pregnancy)2.5 microgram/kg/once daily for 8 days resolve normalisation of oedematous mammary gland  & physiologically. Spaying may resolve future occurance.
• Carbergolin( main side effect swelling around eye) is used in bitches for pseudo pregnancy/initiating oestrous/ to break anoestrous/mastitis/prior to mammary tumour surgery
• Medoxy progesterone acetate(MPA) (provera/depo provera)-taken at bed time as has sedative effect
• -treat clam in aggressive behaviour in dog & cat
• Suppress heat cycle
• Treat disorders of RT in cow & mare
• Termination of unwanted pregnancy
• Oestrous synchronisation in wild animals at zoo
• Preparation of donor & receptor animals for ETT.
• In dogs have oestrogen & progesterone toxicity( if given > 20 mg/kg in dog) resulting shrinkage of penis/enlarged mammary gland/symptoms of oestrous/swollen vulva/abnormal blood clotting
• Contraceptives in bitch or queen-(approved)- prevent oestrous for 1 year in bitches & 2 year in Queens
• Gonazon-
• Suprelorin
• Neutorsol
• Estorilsol
• Infertile

c-Prolonged Dioestrus– when Progesterone ( 2-5ng/ml) may pro-oestrous extends to 9-10 weeks(1-1 to 1/2 month).

• To DD from prolong Anoestrous do USG/Vaginal cytology/plasma progesterone evaluation
• Progesterone secreting Luteinised Ovarian cyst (may be single/multiple including in one/both ovary))cause prolong Dioestrus (T-PGF2Alpha-partialy cause luteinisation with decrease of Progesterone or surgical removal is better.
• Progesterone stimulate H-P-O-axis(Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary-H-P-O) prevent normal ovarian activity
• Non-functional Ovarian Cyst- produce steroidal H without affecting

i-Rete Ovarian Cyst-

ii-Sub-surface epithelial Cyst-

d-Prolong Anoestrus–

• Premature Ovarian failure cause Permanent Anoestrous.
• Ovarian function declines after 7-10 years
• FSH& LH increase after spaying indicating failure of negative feedback to H-P-O axis.
• Oophoritis-infection of Ovary
• Ovarian disorder-Monolayer cells with WBC & macrophases in both Ovaries(rarely seen)
• Hypothyroidism-(symptom)-if treated then may cycle normally within 6 months)
• Lethargy
• Weight gain
• Bilateral symmetric alopecia
• Decrease T-3 & T-4( but T-4 may increase on circulating ant thyroid antibody resulting cross reactivity)
• Increase TSH level
• Thyroiditis (genetic)
• Gluco-corticoids-I^ FSH & LH resulting prolong anoestrous

e-Shortened Inter-Oestrous Interval-(SIOI)

• Short Inter-Oestrous Interval of 5 months fails to conceive due to incomplete uterine involution
• In SIOI –Ovulation ,leutinisation with maturation of primary Oocytes occur but secondary Oocytes after fertilisation are unable to be 
• Split heat-Folliculogenesis without Ovulation
• Hypoleuteiodism -premature luteal failure
• Defect in H–P-O Axis- SIOI is abbreviated( shortened) due to imbalance proportion of Dopamine & Prolactin
• Administer of Dopamine agonist( Bromocriptine & Carbergolin)
• Mibolerone( Androgen)- administration below 3 years of age bitch makes Ovary inactive for 6 months by negative feed back to H-P-O.
• Mibolerone( Androgen)-birth control pill in bitches-generally given 6-8 weeks post –oestrous for prolong anoestrous ( side effects- hypertrophoid clitoris, Mucoid vaginal discharge, atrophy of glandular epithelium of endometrium, epiphora-watering of eyes-(excessive tearing/lacrymation by blockage of lachrymal duct but hyper secretion is more production of tear) & virulism.
• Mate bitch immediately after cessation of Mibolerone treatment or after 6-9 months as endometrial atrophy & to continue oestrous
• Mibolerone(0.016mg/kg/once daily/for 5 days) – also called-dimethylnortestosterone (DMNT)- synthetic drug for oral administration to delay oestrous or endometrial healing/also in pseudo-pregnancy having Androgenic & progestagenic action
• Tab-brand name-Cheque drop
• Tab-brand name- Matenon
• Delvosterone injection-high grade progesterone-
• Steroids-Prednisolone given I/M as Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory but Metylprednisolone give Intra-joint to relieve joint pain

 f-Hypoleuteiodism-(premature luteinisation/abortion)

• Maintainace of Pregnancy in bitch- require >2ng/ml of Progesterone but decreasing progesterone cause abortion or foetal death
• Progesterone given to sustain pregnancy in case of foetal abnormalities/placentitis/intra uterine infection
• If Progesterone given where not indicated then cause delayed parturition/endanger life of bitch & foetus /masculine female pup
• PG from Endometrium & Placenta result premature myometrum activity so as to decrease Progesterone
• Terbutaline (tocolytic agent)-cause decrease myometrial activity
• Progesterone – If given in pre mature Labour then cause dystocia, poor lactation( interfere with Prolactin ,foetal death

g-Pseudo pregnancy(exaggerated Pseudocyesis/overt Pseudocyesis )-

• Symptoms-Mammary hypertrophy/wt. gain/ scanty lactation(mainly from pelvic teat)/Mucoid vaginal discharge/in appetence/restlessness/nesting/mothering of inanimate objects etc. (Diagnose-USH/Abdominal palpation for pups/occur after 6-12 weeks( 1 & ½ month to 3 month) postoestrous
• It is due to increase of Prolactin & decrease of Progesterone
• Here H-P-O Axis is normal
• Normally cures within1-3 weeks
• Medication require if persistent lactation is there after evaluation of Thyroid( T-3/T-4/TSH)-more TSH leads to more Prolactin secretion
• Dopamine agonist(Bromocriptin(parlodel)-0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg/day in divided doses/until lactation ceases-side effect-vomition,depression,anorexia/cabergolin-5 ug/kg/day/daily/for 3-5 days –can be given but not Dopamine antagonist as I^ Prolactin with Mild sedation- by non-phenothiazine (thorazine-chlorpromazine/duraclon-flufenazine/mesoridazine-serentil/perphenazine-compazine/ etc)
• Spaying is permanent solution
• 3-Abnormalities in Pregnancy, Parturition, Peri-partuent period-

a-PREGNANCY-–

• During Pregnancy Blood volume I^ by 40%to meet the metabolic rate increase to compensate fluid & energy loss during Parturition
• Out of 40% blood volume increase mainly of Plasma volume by vein dilation & increased Heart rate & stroke volume.
• Haematocrit( blood dilution rate by plsma) is 30 % at term of parturition
• Functional residual capacity of Lungs decrease by 20 % due to increase demand of Oxygen & diaphragmatic anterior presser on Lungs for gravid uterus ( Gravid uterus in bitch may extends till diaphragm)
• Pregnant Animals also have delayed emptying of stomach due to decreased GIT mortality & displacement of stomach
• X-Ray -After 45 days post coitous for acknowledgement of number of foetuses through  Foetal Rib image ( like fish fin).Before it X-Ray will not give bone image as Foetal Bone is not matured/compact osteoblast cells are there.
• USG-After 24(20-24) days post coitous for acknowledgement of viability of foetuses( death vs live foetus) (as number of foetal count is difficult in USG) Foetal moment, size, diameter of pregnancy structure & Amniotic sac fluid quantity( in women 8-24 litre is normal but < 12 indicates for Caesarean Section ( CS) for parturition.
• Abdominal palpation >30 days IUL-tennis(ping pong) ball size foetal bump
• Prediction of Parturition Date ( EDD-Expected Date of Delivery)- by USG
• Inner chorionic diameter within 18-37 day after ovulation & Foetal head diameter on 38 th day to parturition of IUL ( Intra Uterine Life of foetus) helps to calculate gestational length & EDD by USG
• Foetal limb as foetal buds at 33-35 day of IUL by USG
• Eye, kidney & liver at 39-47 th day by USG
• Intestine 57 -63 rd day
• Skull=44-49 by X-Ray
• Pelvic bone=53-57 by X-Ray
• Teeth=58-63 day by X-Ray
• Serum Cortisol(corticosteroid produced by Adrenal cortex) level increase at delivery & maintained for 12 hours to be normal takes 30 hours.( if Cortisol is high the delivery within 12 hours)
• Cortisol level( normaly-20-250nmol/L but at delivery- is measured from ventral aspect of tail hair & also from saliva both in case of bitch & pup.
• Very High Cortisol level also exhibit “Cushing’s Disease”.T-
• (redefective)trilostance(vetoryl)/mitotane(lysodren)/selegilineHCl(anipryl)
• Relaxin H produced by placenta indicates after 22-27 day post conception.
• PGF-2 Alpha decreases to (2ng/ml)24 hour before delivery & at time of delivery

b-DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY–

I-Early Foetal loss & abortion–

• EED is counted if foetal death occurs before 45 day IUL
• Before 45 days of IUL –foetus can be absorbed completely without any sign

2-Infectious agents–

• Bacteria—haemorrhage from uterus indicates abortion due to bacterial toxin action on placenta yielding PGF2 Alpha resulting uterine contraction leading to expel of pups. T-AB+Anti-inflamtory(tocolitic-terbutalene/salbutamol) resulting expulsion of dead foetus & persistent of live foetuses till term.

3-Brucella canis–

• Abortion during 45-55 day of IULin Br.Canis
• Contagious brown to greenish-grey vaginal discharge for 1-6 weeks
• Conception failure/Reabsorption of foetuses/foetal death/weak puppy
• Asymptomatic bacterial shed with bacteraemia
• Blood culture for isolation of canis is only suitable method as
• canis antibody(ab) titter takes long days as well as cross match if AB (antibiotic)treated.

4-Toxoplasma gondii–

• Tissue cyst forming protozoa
• Transplacental transmission( vertical transmission)
• Cause foetal death/premature & weak birth but rarely abortion
• Bitch is asymptomatic

5-Neospora caninum–

• Tissue cyst forming protozoa
• Transplacental transmission( vertical transmission)
• Encephalitis & polymyositis(long standing muscle inflammation) in puppies
• Cause foetal death & Reabsorption

6-Canine Herpes virus–

• Foetal death at early pregnancy
• Mummified foetus at mid-gestation
• Premature birth in late –pregnancy
• Puppies may born healthy but die within 1-2 week being ill.
• Survived puppies are defective in vision/deaf/neuro-muscular disorder/kidney malfunction at 7-8 months
• Bitches loosing puppies this time may give birth healty puppies in next whelping. 

7-Hypoluteodism-

• Less production of progesterone from CL cause foetal death & abortion.
• T- short time acting progesterone may be given if long acting then can not deliver puppies.

8-Insulin Resistance-

• I^ of Progesterone at Pregnancy & Dioestrus stimulates GH( Growth Hormone) secretion which devolves insulin resistance by inhibition of post receptor insulin pathway.
• It is seen in bitches of middle aged & old  aged having pregnancy & oestrous resulting DM-II (Diabetes Malletus –2)
• When Progesterone level reach at anoestrus level(2-5 ng/ml) result decrease in GH so Insulin resistance resolved automatically.
• In bitch-High blood glucose concentration( normal Glucose level=100-250 mg/dl but diabetic level=80-120mg/dl) but DM-2 level= FBS-250 mg/dl & Post Pandrial(PPBS) up to 400mg/dl in blood serum cause supernormal insulin-to decrease insulin level to save pancreas. T-Insulin (vetsulin/Humulin/detemir(levemir)
• Symptoms of DM-2 in bitches-
• Large or foetus due to high glucose
• Acromegaly(abnormally large hand & feet) in bitches
• Mammary gland hypertrophied
• Oedema in head+ throat( coarse voice)+ leg+ skin wrinkle+ increase inter-dental space
• Termination of Pregnancy indicated in high DM-2 acases

9-Hypoglycemea–

• Prepartuent hypoglycaemia is normal in bitches but after delivery treatment with Calcium borogluconate ( Calboral)-calcium therapy as deficiency in calcium during pregnancy result cramping/convulsion of muscles after delivery/collapsed. T-I/V Glucose or calcium therapy after parturition.

10-Premature labour-

• May be infection
• Hypoleuteiodism-T-short acting Progesterone-another name prometrum-(Didrogegesteron-natural /medoxyprogesterone acetae/cyproterone acetate-synthetic) therapy to maintain pregnancy up to 60 dys IUL then stop for natural delivery
• Terbutaine(tocolytic)-Oraly or S/C and stop 48 hours before EDD.

c-NORMAL PREGNANCY–

• Litter( number of offspring) size– ( Litre= unit to measure liquid/Litter-poultry= manure+ discard beddings+ feathers)-
• In bitches litter size =1-15 or more puppies
• Less puppies at initial stage & old satge
• “single puppy syndrome”-Less puppy result large puppies and succumbed to death due to insufficient space in Uterus
• 3-6 litter size is better
• Physiology of Parturition–
• Normal parturition=Eutocia & Assisted parturition=dystocia
• Initiation /trigger of parturition– Increase foetal size demands more space in Ut. Horn & nutrition from placenta effecting stress leading to stimulation of H-P-Adrenal Axis resulting more secretion of ACTH( Adeno-Cortico Steroid Hormone) in turn secrets PGF-2 Alpha from Foetal-Placental to leutalise CL consequence upon reduces  of Progesterone level to 2 ng/ml at 24 hours before delivery ( normally Progesterone secretion starts decreasing 7 days before delivery) secretion required to maintain Pregnancy so as to  stimulate an eclectic wave activity  in Uterine Horn starting from tip of Ut. Horn to downward relaxing Cervix & Pubic symphisis, detachment of Placenta due to change in ratio of oestrogen to progesterone, Oestrogen sensites myometrium to Oxytocin which relax & contract rhythmically as well as  cervix & vagina relaxation through stimulation of sensory receptors with distension created  by foetus & fluid filled foetal membrane resulting messaging to Hypothalamus through efferent Nerve  & afferent Nerve stimulate spinal nerve reflex for abdominal muscle contraction & release of Oxytocin at 2 nd stage of labour for uterine contraction  for  initiation in addition to Relaxin H secreted from placenta & Ovary causes relaxation of Pelvic symphisis, pelvic soft tissues, GT muscles   of Parturition starts.. Prolacti H secrets from 3-4 weeks after ovulation resulting Mammary gland filled with milk & abruptly decreases serum projesterone before delivery. ( where Human/sheep/pig/mare the CL regress prior to  termination of Pregnancy then Progesterone secreted from Placenta in stead of CL.
• ( with arrow indication of initiation of parturition)i^ increase foetal size-> Nutritional & space stress-> H-P –Adrenal Axis-> ACTH->PGF-2 Alpha( foetal & placenta)->leutalise CL->Progesterone 2ng/ml ( 24 hr before delivery)-> Oestrogen & Progesterone ratio change cause Placental detachment ->Oestrogen sensitise myometrium to Oxytocin->electric wave activity in Ut. horn for rhythmic contraction & relaxation from tip of Ut. Horn to downward->relaxation of Cervix & Vagina through stimulation of sensory receptors by Distension of Foetus & fluid filed foetal membrane-> Efferent Nerve message to Hypothalamus -> message receive from Hypothalamus through Afferent Nerve to Spinal Nerve axis for rhythmic contraction of abdominal musculature-> Afferent Nerve message cause release of Oxytocin at 2 nd stage of labour for uterine contraction -> release of Relaxin H from placenta & Ovary to relax Pelvic soft tissues, relax symphisispubis & GT musculature->Parturition starts-> Prolactin H secreted 3-4 weeks after ovulation resulting galactogenic activity & decrease Progesterone level to 2 ng/ml in 24 hours before Delivery activity->
• Signs of impending parturition–
• Relaxation of pelvic & Abdominal musculature is indication
• Drop in Rectal Temperature by 2 Degree Farenhieght just before ( 3hours) of parturition due to abrupt decrease of Progesterone level
• Just before Delivery Miniature breed temp-/35(95 F)/Medium-36C/Giant breed-37C(96.8F)-this is due to surface area of skin to body volume ratio
• Several days before parturition- restless ness, seek seclusion(to be isolated),excessively attentive, may refuse food
• 12-24 hour before parturition-nesting behaviour exhibited ,frequently forceful uterine contraction, shivering to i^ body temperature, lactation may be seen in primepara bitches in 24 hour before delivery
• Colostrums- seen 1 week before parturition
• Stages of parturition-It is 3 stages.(1^st-initiation+2^nd-parturition+3-Expulsion of Placnta+4th-involutionof GT)
• (Parturiton must be completed within 24-48 hr otherwise may lead to uterine inertia & death of puppies)

1-First stage–

• Duration usually 6-12 hours but may extend to 36 hours ( 36 hr in nervous primepara animals-1st Lettering)
• Rectal Temperature decrease by 2F
• Vagina relax
• Dilatation of Cervix
• No abdominal straining
• Bitch uncomfortable & tense
• Panting, tearing & rearrangement of bedding
• Shivering (to compensate decreasing temperature) & occasionally vomiting
• No behavioural change in some bitches
• Inapparent(no noticeable sign) uterine contraction increase in frequency & intense towards end of 1^st stage of labour
• Usually IUL ( Intra-Uterine Life)foetuses are on 50% Anterior &  50% posterior presentation but at 1^st stage of labour the orientation( lie->change on foetal long axis) changes to 60-70% anterior & 30-40 % posterior
• Allantoic membrane pushed ahead of Foetus( foetus rest in Amniotic sac) through Cervical dilation & Uterine propulsive contraction.
• No expulsion of foetus or foetal membrane at this 1^st stage of labour

                   2–2^nd Stage of Labour-Duration 3-12 hours rarely 24 hors

                        ( all foetuses expelled within 6-12 hr of unset of 2^nd stage of labour))

• Rectal temperature rises to normal or above normal( for shivering)

 

• Lodging of 1^st foetus at Pelvic inlet ( at internal OS of Cervix)
• Intense uterine expulsive force act with abdominal straining
• Expulsion & rupture of Allantoic membrane to release clear fluid for lubrication & clearing of Birth canal(vagina)
• Within 4 hr of unset of 2 nd stage of labour the 1^st pup is delivered which is covered inside Amniotic membrane.
• Bitch will lick out amniotic membrane for easy breathing of pup as well as sever( disconnect) the Umbilical chord
• Sometimes external assistance is required for rupture of Amniotic membrane & empty of fluid from air passage
• The Umbilicus( umbilical chord) needs to be clamped/haemostat at both end of 1 inch apart to minimise haemorrhage and cutrise in middle by a blunt pair of scissor.
• If haemorrhage continues then ligate umbilicus with 1 cm apart of cut sight
• Diagnosis of 2^nd stage of labour-

–Sign of entry into 2^nd stage of labour–

1-Expulsion of Allantois( called urine sac) & its ruptural fluid

2-Viable abdominal straining

3- Rectal temperature return to normal4-Weak & infrequent straining for 2-  4 hr before delivery of 1 st pup

5-Strong & frequent straining without expulsion of foetus need veterinarian assistance within 20-30 minutes

—Examination of Bitch for-( usually whelped all pups within 3 hours of unset of labour )

• If greenish discharge with no expulsion foetus within 2-4 hr
• No further development after passage of foetal fluid since last 2-3 hr
• Weak & irregular straining more than 2- 4 hr
• Strong & irregular straining for more than 20-30 min.
• If no further development since 2-4 hours passed than expulsion of last pup even if more foetuses are there
• If 2^nd stage of labour s more than 12 hours

3–3^rd Stage of Labour-

• Expulsion of Placenta & shortening of Ut .Horn follows usually within 15 min of delivery of each foetus
• Even sometimes after expulsion of 2-3 foetuses then placenta of all foetuses born till now are expelled
• Bitch should not be allowed to eat more than hardly 1-2 placenta otherwise diarrhoea, vomition, aspiratory pneumonia
• The post partum greenish discharge(called lochia) of foetal fluid & placenta expelled within 3 weeks
• Interval between births-1^st pup takes 5 min to 2 hr for expulsion
• Expulsion of foetuses alternately from each Ut. Horn
• Rest period of 2 hours may be noticed between delivery of 2 consecutive foetuses

4—4^th Stage of Labour-( In some books it is merged with 3^rd Stage of Labour)

• Involution of GT mainly Ut. Horn takes place within 12-15 weeks(3-4 month)

—Examination of bitch for consulting a Veterinarian

• If all placenta have not expelled out within 4-6 hours of last pup delivery
• If foul smelling putrefied lochia
• Continuous severe genital haemorrhage
• If Rectal temperature is >39.5C( 101.3F)
• If General condition of bitch is abnormal
• If general condition of Pups are abnormal

D-DYSTOCIA–

• Definition– Dystocia-Assisted birth( delivery) in case of difficulty in birth or expulsion of foetus/foetuses.
• Frequency of dystocia– usually <5 % but may be 100% in ACHONDROPLASTIC( large headed breed of dogs-ex-Bull Dog) Breed of Dogs
• Clinical assessment–
• Anamnesis & physical examination of bitch for better management
• 2^nd Stage of Labour assessment–
• Passage of foetal fluid
• Visible abdominal straining
• Temperature return to normal
• General health evaluation of bitch
• Adverse effect sign of Parturition
• Behaviour of bitch
• Character & frequency of straining
• Vulva & peritoneal oedema
• Colour & amount of vaginal discharge
• Mammary gland development evaluation in terms of congestion, distension, size, presence of milk
• Palpation of abdomen for estimation of umber of foetuses & degree of distension of Ut.
• Aseptically digital(finger) examination for any obstruction & pelvic lodge of foetus
• Though it is impossible to touch cervix at 1st Stage of Labour still then dilation & tonicity of Vagina will give impression on Cervix & Ut,
• Pronounced(eminent) tone of Anterior vagina impress satisfactory muscular activity of Ut. if flaccid then Ut. inertia
• Scanty & sticky Vaginal fluid with difficulty in intromission of finger indicates closed Cervix
• Foetal fluid lubricating vagina with exploration of finger indicates Cervix open
• X-Ray(at 45 Days of IUL-) for gross abnormality of Pelvic, number, location, size, dead of foetus,.
• After 6 hr of Death of foetus produce intrafoetal space gas can be detected by X-Ray
• After 48 hr of death of foetus –overlapping of crania bones with collapse of spinal column
• USG-Foetal viability, distress, heart beat( normally 180-240 beats per minute(bpm))
• Diagnosis of Dystocia–
• Rectal temperature is down( 1^st stage of labour) followed by normalcy( 2^nd stage of labour) without any sign of labour
• Green vulvar discharge without expulsion of foetus indicate separation of placenta has started from maternal blood supply
• Foetal fluid passed since last 2-3 hr without any sign of labour
• Labour is absent more than 2 hr /weak & infrequent labour for 2-4 hr
• Persistent & strong non productive labour for 20-30 min
• Pelvic fracture & foetus is stuck in birth canal
• Sign of toxaemia-disturbed general condition, oedema & shock
• Tocodyanamometer(TOCO-contraction force of twist /shape of abdomen is measured during uterine contraction) & Doppler(it is a Ultrasound to study blood circulation in foetus,uterus,placenta)- Device-regulate Calcium-borogluconate ( Calboral) & oxytocin injection as per uterine response  for parturition in dystocia.
• Maternal causes of Dystocia-( Dystocia may be due to maternal or foetal or both causes)
• Uterine Inertia– it is the most common aetiology of Dystocia in Canine

i-Primary Uterine Inertia–

• “single puppy syndrome”- one or two foetuses in canine is unable to exert sufficient stimulus required for initiation of parturition as a foetal cause
• “Over stretching of myometrium”- in case of Larger Littre size, more foetal fluid, over sized foetus cause dystocia
• Inherited predisposition, nutritional imbalance, fatty infiltration of myometrium, age related changes, nero-endocrine insufficiency, systemic disease
• “Partial uterine inertia”-Bitch is unable to deliver all puppies even if there is no obstruction( few foetuses remained but few foetuses are delivered)

    ii-Secondary Uterine Inertia-

• “Obstruction” of GT pathway for Parturition where some foetuses are delivered and myometrium goes to inertia resulting few puppies are intra-uterine existence or torsion of Ut. horn

E-Management—

• Reduce strain by exercising (allow running inside house or riding stair -case)the bitch in Primary Inertia
• ‘Feathering of dorsal vaginal wall’( i.e- finger manipulation Vaginal vault present at external OS of cervix)) by– Inserting two fingers to dorsal wall of vagina to stimulate(‘Ferguson Reflex”) for initiation of labour as well as correcting foetus lie/position in uterus
• Physiologic stress – due to nervousness inhibit labour
• “Tranquiliser”-Low dose tranquiliser ( may be compose ) or assurance by owner remove nervousness and deliver
• After delivery of 1^st Foetus then normal delivery of other pups occur
• “Complete Primary Uterine Inertia”-no evidence of labour even if bitch is alert & bright, normal temperature, cervix dilated & feathering is easy due to foetal fluid abudancy,
• Here foetus is out of reach due to flaccid uterus
• Before treating for parturition remove the obstruction of birth canal
• T–Calcium( calcium borogluconate) & Oxytocin is the drug of choice in dystocia.
• Oxytocin has direct action on calcium influx to myometrium essential for myometrial contraction
• Many bitches do not respond to Oxytocin alone so Calcium +Oxytocin required
• First infuse 5 to 1.5 ml/kg BW calcium( calcium borogluconate) @ 1 ml/min under careful monitoring of cardiac output( heart rate) then Oxytocin
• Calcium can be given S/C resulting no cardiac arrhythmia but local granuloma formation( swelling) at injection site
• Small breeds prone to hypocalcaemia after prolong strain
• T-for Hypocalcaemia in bitch–

1-5-20 ml of 10-20 % glucose-I/V

2-Calcium-(10% calcium borogluconate) of 0.5 to 1.5 ml/kg BW @ 1 ml/min-I/V

3-Oxytocin with repeatation at 30 min interval- 1-5 IU/bitch –I/V OR OR 2.5-10IU/bitch-I/M

4-Highr Dose or frequently agministration– result prolong contracture of myometrium as a result foetus can not be expelled & impending(threatening) utero-placental blood flow

5-Oxytocin also cause – premature separation of Placenta & closer of Cervix

6-After administration of 2 nd dose of Oxytocin if no delivery the immediately go for extraction of foetuses through Obstetrics forceps if within the reach or by Caesarean

7-Ergotamines(Dihydroergotamine-ergophen/dhe/migranil/psygrain/swigrain/etc -I/N(intra nasal),I/V.I/M.S/C) never be given for parturition as result vasoconstriction.

• Obstruction of Birth Canal-may be for maternal or foetal or both
• Maternal causes of Obstruction of Birth Canal–
• Uterine torsion-may be at late gestation/at parturition/after delivery of few foetuses-Life threatening to mother & foetus – immediate CS is only option after USG
• Uterine rupture-Cause severe haemorrhage resulting life risk of bitch & pup-CS after USG
• Uterine Inguinal Herniation—Happens at 4 th week (1 month)of Pregnancy when foetal enlargement takes place with abnormal contour of abdomen( swelling).T-Surgical intervention for repositioning of Uterine Horn (Ut. Horn is protruded to inguinal  canal confusing as Pelvic mammary gland hypertrophy. )
• Congenital malformation of Uterus-Hypoplasia/partial or complete aplasia of both or one Ut. horn/corpus uteri(upper 1.3^rd of uterus)/cervix
• Uni Cornis( one ut. horn present) then foetal obstruction corrected by surgery after USG
• Soft tissue abnormalities- neoplasm(oncogenic growth)/vaginal septa(remainant of foetal Mullerian duct-cause pain at breeding & dragged by “spay hook” under viginoscopy for painless mating/fibrosis of birth canal in consequence to trauma or infection healed up after tearing of tissue
• Narrow pelvic canal- pelvic fracture/immature bitch/congenital malformed pelvic/dorso-ventral fattening of pelvis/giant pup/achondroplastic breeds(bull dog,scotish terrer,Boston terrer)/
• Acute ngle-Foetus is presented to pelvic cavity in acute angle
• Foetal causes of Obstruction of Birth Canal-
• Malpresentation of foetus( body parts )
• Malorientation ( Body axis )
• Oversized/gigantic foetus
• Foetal weight more than 4-5% of maternal weight is called oversized.
• Oversized foetus result less litre size in absence of monstrosities
• Miniature Breeds( Brachiocephalic breeds)( Bull dog. Boston terrier etc.) result dystocia even foetal BW is 2.5 -3.1% of maternal weight due to flattened pelvic inlet with large foetal head.
• Partial expulsion of foetus ( in anterior presentation only head protrude with shoulder & body inside as well as in posterior presentation only hind legs with hips protrude 7 other parts inside
• Monstrosities-Hydrocephalus/oedema/duplication of genetic abnormalities like increase in number of legs, heads etc.
• Dead foetus
• Limbs of pup rarely cause dystocia as very small
• Foetal position–
• Posterior presentation–
• It occurs in 30-40 of deliveries creating no dystocia like other animals
• Posterior presentation cause higher pup mortality due to mechanical dilation of cervix s inadequate when 1^st foetus is expelled
• Posterior expulsion is against the direction of hair of pup requiring extra space due to expansion of chest cavity of foetus by diaphragmatic presser
• Hooked elbow around pelvic brim
• Circumscribed umbilical chord around foetus result hypoxia & inhalation o foetal fluid
• Breech presentation– (Posterior presentation with hind legs flexed forward-Dog sitting posture)
• Cause serious complications
• On pervaginal digital( finger) exploration reveals tail tip/anus/bony pelvis
• Lateral or downward deviation of Head–
• Lateral deviation of head is predominant in long neck breeds like Rough Collies etc.
• Downward deviation of head in Brachiocephalic breeds /long headed breed like-Sealyham/Scotish terrier
• When head of pup is deviated to right ( lateral deviation of head of pup)then left fore limb & vice versa is felt during per vaginal exploration
• During per vaginal exploration Downward deviation of head indicates
• Pup head is palpated with both forelimbs flexed back( towards mother’s womb)
• Both front legs with nape(nucha or back of neck) of neck is palpated.
• Backward Flexion of Front Legs–
• Usually observed in weak/dead/downward deviation of Head of pup
• Transverse/Bi-cornual presentation-Foetus is placed in both Ut. horn due to obstruction or Foetus implanted close to Uterus.
• Two foetuses presentesimultaneously-

Two foetuses from two ut. horn coming at a time then back presentation is to be extracted first

• Management of Foetal Mal-presentation- corrected with finger/hand in pelvic & other hand pressure at abdominal wall
• Foetus is delivered in arch(somersault) manner normally
• Traction in postero-ventral direction make delivery easy by Hand or Obstetric forceps
• If foetus is in pelvic canal the Pereneal bulging & vulvar opening ease delivery
• Narrowest part is pelvic girdle-first push foetus towards pelvic girdle then do necessary correction to ease delivery in correlation with uterine contraction not against Ut. Contraction.
• Diagonal diameter of Pelvic girdle is largest so rotate the foetus by 45 degree for getting more space for correction of foetus
• Use of Obstetrics lubricant-Vaseline/liquid paraffin/sterile water soluble lubricant
• Hold foetus at head & neck junction by finger for expulsion
• Put finger in mouth for downward deviation of head
• Put finger below knee or elbow for limb correction
• to Lt. traction in pelvic cavity with external pressure helps free its fore/hind limbs at Pereneal bulge prevent pup to sliding back to uterus
• Use Obstetrics’ forceps (Palson’s forceps) with caution in case of one/two Giant foetus having other small foetus size .
• Hold forceps around the Neck of pup( behind cheek) if head felt
• Hold forceps around the Pelvic of pup if posterior presentation
• If Legs then not around Legs but around Pelvic(if posterior presentation)/neck (if anterior presentation)
• If dystocia presented after 5-24 hours then nearly 25% mortality
• Criteria for caesarean section–
• Complete primacy Uterine inertia unable o respond to treatment
• Partial primacy Uterine inertia unable o respond to treatment
• Secondary Uterine inertia having no labour pain
• Abnormalities of maternal birth canal or pelvis
• Foetal size & litre size
• Increased foetal size( single puppy syndrome/foetal monstrosity.
• Excess( Hydro amnion/Hydro allantoic)/Oligo foetal fluid (Human normal range of Foetal fluid is 8-22 litres but <10 compelled to follow CS)
• Unmanageable malpresentation.
• Foetal death with putrefaction
• Toxaemia of Bitch
• Neglected Dystocia(presented > 5-24 hour)
• Prophylactic( Anamnesis of previous dystocia record)
• Before CS check for-
• Less intense labour
• Physical exertion
• Dehydration
• Hypocalcaemia
• Hypotension
• Acid-base balance(pH)
• Hypoglycaemia
• Prognosis of CS-
• Good– if CS within 12 hours of Dystocia
• Fair– if CS after 12-24 hours of Dystocia
• Guarded– if CS beyond 24 hours of Dystocia
• POST PARTURIENT CONDITIONS-
• Temperature– Though slightly increase up to 39.2 C(102.56F) is considered normal after delivery but exceeding 5C(103.1F) is considered as Hyperthermia. Fever is due to Uterine or mammary gland infection.
• Perinatal loss-(within 24 hours of delivery)
• Asphyxia-Death of pup within 24 hr of birth.
• Inbreeding-Result death of pup within 3 weeks( neo-natal) after birth also cause foetal death.
• Uterine disorder–
• Haemorrhage–
• Normal-Few scanty drops of blood from vagina after delivery
• Excess haemorrhage–
• Uterine or vaginal tearing during delivery
• Oxytocin-given for uterine involution & contraction of Ut.
• Coagulation defect-Trenax/0.9% NSS / RL/Haemacil fluid/blood
• Supine position with limbs above body line of 8-12 inches
• Haemorrhagic shock- prevent by blood infusion
• Retained Placenta & foetuses–
• Retained placenta-thick dark vaginal discharge
• Retained foetus-palpation/X-Ray/USG
• Extraction of placenta/dead foetus-forceps/milking ut. horn( by palpebral pressure from anteririor of Ut. horn towards vulva)
• Oxytocin-1-5 IU @ 2-4 times/daily for 3 days
• AB-
• Ergot Alkaloids-should not be given as closes uterine opening–(Bromocryptin-parlodel/Dihydroergotamine-Migranal/DHE-45/Ergotamine- cafegot/pergolide- permax) not advisable as closes uterine opening.
• Acute Metrites–
• Ascending bacterial infection of Ut.
• Dystocia/manipulation/RFM /retained foetus
• Unhygienic condition
• Open cervix-gm-ve bacteria
• Fever, dehydration, sanguinopurulent vaginal discharge, poor lactation, anorexia
• Enlarged Ut.-palpable/USG/X-Ray
• CBC-WBC with Left shift(i^)
• T-IV fluid+ AB+
• PgF2 alpha( lutalyse)- High dose regime-@ 1 to 0.25 mg/kg/-S/C-once or twice daily-for 3-8 days remove uterine contents followed by low dose regime @ 0.025 to 0.05 mg/kg-S/C-6-8 times daily for 2-3 days.-side effect of salivation within 10 minutes-so not used
• Oxytocin –is better choice-1-5 IU @ 2-4 times/daily for 3 days
• Ovario-hysterectomy(OHE)
• Sub-ovulation of Ut-
• Serosanguineous vaginal discharge for 3-6 weeks( 1 & ½ months) is normal
• Usually involution completed within 12 weeks( 3 months)
• OHE in sever irrecoverable patients
• Uterine Rupture–
• rupture may be a sequel to PGF2alpha/Oxytocin treatment for dystocia/pyrometra/metrites
• Injury /trauma to Ut.
• Sump-Abdominal decadence with excoriating pain
• T-I/V fluid+ AB
• OHE
• Uterine prolapse–
• In primepara/multipara
• Occurs within 2-3 hours of delivery
• T-Manual reposition/laparotomy reposition/amputation
• OHE
• Toxic Milk Syndrome–
• Pathology of mother
• Sym-Discomfort, red annus, vomition, diarrhoea, salivation, bloat in pups.
• T-isolation of pups from mother
• Fluid therapy +Oral Glucose till bloat resolves
• After normalisation of Uterus then pups may be allowed suckling for 1-2 days otherwise manual feeding
• Mammary gland disorder–
• Agalactia-
• In CS/premature delivery
• Prolactin secretion stimulation- metoclopromide()@1-5 mg/kg-S/C- or orally -thrice daily -for maximum 5 days
• Oxytocin-@05 to 2 mg/kg –daily till milk flow is normal
• Acepromazine(anti psychotic drug-anxiolytic—only used in D/C/Horse not in human as poisonous to human) -@–ACE/ACP/Prom Ace-/Atravet/Vet Ace–Neuromate-pet tab/k-pet-orally/oral suspension of Nex-gel( 25mg/ml)– till bitch/queen/mare settle
• Galctostasis-
• Firm & warm oedematous painful mammary gland( DD-Agalactia/mastities
• Malformed Teat
• T-Massage with warm water compression+ artificial milking+ diuretics+
• Carbergolin (Galastop Vet)- dopamine agonist/anti-prolactin-@ 2.5 to 5 microgram/kg-orally –for 4-6 days
• Acute mastitis-
• Ascending of haematogenic bacteria from teat upward due to injury/unhygienic
• Viscid yellow/brown milk
• Fever, anorexia, depression
• Pup crying ,restless
• C/S-Staphylo, strepto. E,Coli
• T-AB+ warm water massage
• Surgical debridement(removal of damaged tissue)
• May result gangrenous mastitis’s/shock if untreated
• Puerperal Tetany(eclampsia)-
• Decrease Calcium in extra-cellular level
• Within 21 days post delivery/at parturition/approaching parturition
• Sym-restless,painting,pacig(move without aim),whining(high pitched sound-cry),salivation,trmor,stiffness,seizer,death
• T-slow I/V of 10 % Calcium borogluconate
• Stop Calcium if vomition with arrhythmia
• Dextrose 10% solution-I/V ( Hypocalcaemia result hypoglycaemia)
• Isolate pup for 24 hr( not allow suckling)
• Calcium carbonate with Vit-D3-@ 100mg/kg/day in divided doses in meal
• In Bitches/Queen-During pregnancy Calcium therapy is contraindicated as disturb Calcium homeostasis
• Maternal behaviour disturbance-
• Imbalance Estrogen,progesterone,oxytocin.prolactin cause disturbance
• Pups must be with mother for at least 14 days

Emotional attachment to human may lead to killing its neonates/reluctant to birth/reluctant to rear pups/require human intervenation.

source-Prepared & presented by Dr.Keshaba Chandra Samantaray ,M. V. Sc. (Gynaecology), Gold Medallist, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, NET(ICAR-New Delhi),”Bioinformatics in Optimising Fertility in Farm Animals”- College of Veterinary Science -PAU(Ludhiana),”Caprine  AI { Goat Artificial Insemination }”—MGSRD Institute, Phalton, Maharastra, “Gender Awareness & Integration in Traing Curiculla”-Institute of Rural Management( IRM) Anand,Gujurat.”Livestock & Environment Interactio”-Internatinal Agricultural Centre( IAC),Wageningen,The Netherlands.”Talks on“Go-Bandhya Nirakaran”+”Mai Jersy Bacchurira Jatna”+Garvini Gaira Jatna”-All India Radio,Cuttack. Acceptance of my suggestions on Constitutional Reforms of Republic of India”. “Project Management Skills”-MANAGE, Hyderabad (including Classes on Inter Personal Relationship{IPR} at National Police Academy, Hyderabad..Now retired JD,FSB,Chiplima

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