One World, One Health: Prevent Zoonoses, Stop the Spread
Dr Udit Jain
Associate Professor & Head
Department of Veterinary Public Health,
DUVASU, Mathura(UP)-281001
One World, One Health:
Boundaries between human, animal, and environmental health are inextricably linked and decreasingly integrated, it comes as no surprise that the One Health approach has assumed an unknown position of significance over the once decade. This holistic, intertwined systems- grounded approach explosively advocates for the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, putting the emphasis on their mutually dependent well- being.
One Health is a cooperative, multisectoral, coordinated, and transdisciplinary approach working at the original, indigenous, public, and global situations with the thing of achieving optimal health issues by feting the connection between people, creatures, shops, and their participated terrain. Increase in population and industrialization global changes are accelerating which damage the biodiversity, ecosystems, and migrant movements of both humankind and species in general.
Rapid climate and environmental changes have led to the emergence and reemergence of contagious and noninfectious conditions Zoonotic conditions are the infections that are transmitted between creatures and humans and are a major source of arising contagious conditions. Nearly> 60 of the pathogens that infect humans beget zoonotic conditions in humans. The loftiest zoonotic complaint burden, with wide illness and death, is current in Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, and India. According to a study carried out by the International Livestock Research India, 13 zoonoses are the cause of 2.4 billion cases of human diseases and2.2 million deaths per year.
The One Health approach in the Indian environment, is strategically gaining significance from all stakeholders similar as public health professionals, veterinarians, health- care providers, policymakers, and experimenters. While animal- to- human transmission is a major trouble in the country with several conditions similar as avian flu, rabies, a major growing trouble is from bovine tuberculosis which is on the increase.
In addition, arising zoonotic conditions are acquired through wild creatures, and the one health approach should look into the wild zoonotic conditions also. The Centre of Zoonosis, National Centre for Disease Control, India, has published a primer for handling zoonotic conditions. There’s “ Make in India ” action which supports the development of medical outfit, medicine, vaccines, and technology inventions that can be used to address zoonotic conditions. Trade programs that affect Indian agrarian practices to maintain strict quality measures according to the transnational norms.
There are pilot initiatives on the development of protocol for the Database of Zoonotic Disease Research in India. A process of discussion has been initiated regarding an applicable organizational structure for an one health hub in India to support intersectoral conditioning involving both the human and animal health sectors, working with government engagement on one health enterprise. At the heart of the One Health approach, the terrain plays a vital part, acting as a ground between human and animal health and impacting the circumstance and spread of conditions.
The World Health Organization( WHO) estimates that one in every four deaths can be attributed to environmental factors. These factors can contribute to a wide range of diseases and conditions, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups similar as children and the senior. therefore, it’s essential to apply a unified and crosssectoral global strategy to ameliorate the quality of water, soil, air, and inner surroundings, there by addressing the impacts on ecosystems and mollifying the health goods attributable to environmental threat factors.
For illustration, impurity of water bodies with dangerous chemicals is nearly associated with the spread of waterborne conditions. Adverse events, similar as niche destruction, climate change, and biodiversity loss, disrupt ecological balances, easing the transmission of zoonotic and parasitic conditions, indeed from creatures to humans. As similar, deforestation and the encroachment of mortal conditioning into wildlife territories greatly increase the liability of complaint spillover events. Also, climate change alters the geographic range of complaint vectors (e.g., mosquitoes), thereby expanding the reach of conditions like malaria and dengue fever.
The One Health approach recognizes that maintaining environmental integrity is pivotal for controlling and precluding zoonotic and parasitic conditions. The recent COVID- 19 epidemic, as well as avian influenza and Ebola, is a stark memorial of how a complaint forming in creatures can have a global impact on human health and societies as a whole. In fact, one of the most recent Ebola contagion complaint outbreaks affected over 28,600 cases from 2014 to 2016 in West Africa, with fresh cases reported in other countries ( Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Meanwhile, the H5N1 raspberry flu has been considerably detected in the U.S., with 9253 wild cat calls and flesh testing positive in the rearmost periodic check, posing a serious threat to human health.
The transmission dynamics of similar conditions are frequently multifaceted increased urbanization pushes humans into preliminarily unpopulated areas, climate change alters the territories of complaint- carrying species, and global trip and trade grease the rapid-fire spread of pathogens. In particular, 75 of arising contagious human diseases have an animal origin, and 60 of pathogens that cause human diseases originate from domestic animals or wildlife.
In 2022, the most constantly reported zoonotic conditions in humans within the EU were campylobacteriosis, with 137,000 cases, and salmonellosis, with 65,000 cases. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis, followed by infections caused by Shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli ( STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes. Although the one health approach is in an embryonic stage in India, there are numerous crosscutting programs and nonsupervisory measures that are operating and conducive for further development of the approach.
Owing to the public health significance of zoonotic conditions in India, a National Standing Committee on Zoonoses was formed in 2007. The Food Safety and Standard Act, India, stipulates the limits for pollutants, naturally being poisonous materials, antibiotic residues, fungicides, heavy metals, veterinary drug residues etc., Government- initiated control programs for zoonotic and largely communicable diseases similar as rabies, brucellosis, and food- and- mouth complaint are available.
Prevent Zoonoses, Stop the Spread: Here are six ways to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases among your animals and to members of your family.
1-Wash Your Hands: Washing your hands is the single most important thing you can do to prevent contagious diseases from spreading. Follow these basic hand-washing techniques to properly remove disease-causing germs.
2-How to wash your hands:
- Use warm water.
- Use liquid or bar soap. Antibacterial soap is not necessary. Rub hands together vigorously, producing friction.
- Change the soap and water into lather, from the wrist to fingertips. Always sure to scrub under fingernails, between fingers, and under jewelry. Wash for at least 20 seconds to remove germs.
- Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, if soap and water are not available,
3-When to wash your hands:
- before and after preparing meals
- before and after handling uncooked meat, fish, and eggs
- before and after eating and drinking
- before and after handling and caring for animalsafter using the restroom or after changing a diaper· after cleaning animal pens and cages
- after laundering soiled laundry
- after caring for others who are ill
- after blowing your nose or sneezing
- Always dry your hands thoroughly with a clean towel.
4-Practice Food Safety
- Always consume pasteurized milk and milk products.
- Always consume meat or other products from an animal that do not die of an illness.
- Always refrigerate and handle uncooked meat, eggs, and fish properly.
- Always cook meat and fish to appropriate internal temperature.
5-Bio security measures: Diseases affect livelihoods and can have a significant impact on the economy. Owners of animals must carefully practice biosecurity measures to keep diseases from entering animal and human populations.
- Fence in animal areas
- Separate animal areas from your family’s home, from human food and water supplies.
- Reduce visitor contact with animals.
- Always keep new animals away from other animals for at least two weeks.
6-Pay Attention to Animal Health: Keep your animals current on preventive care. Make sure they are up-to-date on
- Vaccinations
- Parasite prevention
- Veterinary visits
you observe your animals for any signs of disease like.
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- not eating or drinking
- weakness
- sneezing
- coughing
- nasal discharge
- Blisters
- unusual behaviour
7-What to do if animals are sick
- Separate sick animals from healthy animals.
- Should take prompt action if you observe a large number of deaths.
- Contact a local veterinarian.
- Report animals with unusual symptoms
- Properly dispose of dead animals.
- Should take precautions during handling and caring for animals
8-During routine care of animals, take the following precautions against spreading germs that cause diseases.
- Always wear personal protective clothing and equipment, boots that can reduce the risk of exposing other animals or people to contagious diseases.
- Boots and a set of protective clothing that you wear only when handling and caring for animals. Examples are hat, coveralls, long-sleeved shirt (cotton or cotton-polyester, blend) long pants (cotton or cotton-polyester blend), long shocks
- Remove these clothes and boots before entering your household.
- Keep all personal protective clothing separate from your family’s clothing.
9-Clean and Disinfect to Kill Disease-Causing Germs
- Always handle soiled clothing with gloves, and wash your hands afterward.
- Place soiled laundry in a separate laundry basket, apart from other family clothes.
- Wash and disinfect clothes separately from your family’s clothes.
- Use detergent.
- Use household bleach.
- Use water that is 130 degrees F.
- Clothes should be dried in sunlight or in an automatic clothes dryer.
10-Disinfect to prevent the spread of diseases
- Clean and disinfect
- Non disposable protective equipment
- Boots before entering and leaving animal areas
- Cages and pens of animals ,
- Vehicle and trailer tires and undercarriages after returning home from another farm
- Always clean equipment and surfaces with a scrub brush and detergent mixed in water to remove all soil, food, and manure.
- After that, disinfect using a diluted household bleach solution or an EPA-approved disinfectant with registration number on the label (Caution: Do not mix bleach with ammonia).
- Mix ¼ cup of household bleach thoroughly with 1 quart of water for tires, vehicle undercarriages, boots, and footbaths and weaker solution of ¼ teaspoon bleach with 1 quart of water for hard surfaces.
