ONE WORLD ONE HEALTH PREVENT ZOONOSES STOP THE SPREAD
- Vigneswari1*and S. Kumaresan2
1*Assistant Professor, DVSR, RIVER, Puducherry -09.
2Field Technical Manager, Zoetis India Ltd, Mumbai.
Abstract
Epidemics and pandemics usually result from the (re)emergence of a zoonotic disease at the community level and localized transmission, then amplification and international spread. Humans are driving environmental changes that increase the risks of zoonotic diseases emerging and spreading. A One Health approach to emerging zoonotic diseases mobilizes multiple sectors, disciplines and communities at varying levels of society to work together to foster wellbeing and tackle threats to health and ecosystems, while addressing the collective need for clean water, energy and air, safe and nutritious food, taking action on climate change, and contributing to sustainable development.
Keywords: One Health, Zoonotic diseases.
Introduction
One Health is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems. It recognizes the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and inter-dependent. 70-80% of (re-) emerging infectious diseases are known to be of zoonotic origin. The Quadripartite of four agencies for One Health have a Joint Plan of Action, including actions to reduce the risks posed by emerging zoonotic diseases. From Tripartite (OIE, FAO, WHO), to Quadripartite [FAO, UNEP, WHO, WOAH (Founded as OIE)].
The One Health Joint Plan of Action
The Quadripartite Organizations – the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, founded as OIE), and the World Health Organization (WHO) – collaborate to drive the change and transformation required to mitigate the impact of current and future health challenges at the human–animal– plant–environment interface at global, regional and country level.
Understanding the drivers of (re-)emerging zoonotic diseases including and related processes and pathways, ecosystem degradation, land-use and habitat change, environmental and climatic factors, as well as harvesting, farming and trade in wild and domestic animals. Developing risk mitigation measures, including the maintenance of resilient healthy ecosystems, early interventions aimed at reversing or halting environmental degradation and biodiversity loss, the regulation of farming and trade in wildlife and wild animal products, and the reduction of spillover risks at key animal value-chain points and wildlife–domestic animal–human interfaces, including live animal markets (traditional markets);
Enhancing sustainable and targeted One Health surveillance, early warning and response mechanisms in ecosystems, targeting animal–human–environment interfaces and key animal value chain points. The focus will be on known (re-)emerging zoonotic diseases previously identified to have epidemic and pandemic potential, while also considering “Disease X”, caused by a yet unknown zoonotic pathogen and with the potential to develop into a future epidemic/pandemic. For example, H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza, pandemic H1N1 2009 animal influenza and H7N9 low pathogenicity avian influenza have highlighted the potential for animal origin influenza viruses to evolve into global public health threats.
Summary
The Quadripartite is supporting implementation of One Health for health emergency preparedness and response at global, regional and country levels. Leveraging sources of data that each Quadripartite organization can access, in order to further the joint implementation of the One Health approach. Finding and addressing gaps in research, data and evidence. Alongside the Quadripartite, institutions at all levels and individuals can support the One Health approach, for example by adopting environmentally sustainable behaviours.
References
- Adisasmito, W.K., Almuhhairi, S., Behravesh, C.B., Bilivogui, P., Bukachi, S.A., Casas, N. et al. One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLoS Pathogens, 18(6): e1010537. Cited 10 October 2022.
- Antimicrobial resistance collaborators. 2022. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. The Lancet, 399(10325): 629–625.
- Ghai, R.R., Wallace, R.M., Kile, J.C., Shoemaker, T.R., Vieira, A.R., Negron, M.E. et al. A generalizable one health framework for the control of zoonotic diseases. Scientific Reports, 12: 8588.
