ONE HEALTH

One World One Health: Prevent Zoonosis Stop The Spread

August 6, 2024

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One World One Health: Prevent Zoonosis Stop The Spread
Ankit Kumar, Shriyan Singh
Internee student, Veterinary College And Research Institute Namakkal Tanuvas
Second year student, Veterinary College And Research Institute Orathanadu Tanuvas
Email Id: ankitaiims357@gmail.com
Mobile no. 8292265530

Abstract
Zoo humans noses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans and/or from to animals. Approximately 75% of new emerging and re-emerging disease pathogens are zoonotic: 60% spread from domestic and wild animals, and 80% are of concern regarding bioterrorism. for the past 20 years, the world has faced several zoonotic disease outbreaks. some zoonoses can cause recurring outbreaks, such as Ebola virus disease, salmonellosis, Marburg disease, rabies and anthrax. Still others, such as the novel coronavirus causing COVID-19, have the potential to cause worldwide pandemics. The high risk of emerging and re-emerging disease spillover and burden has been increased by extensive interactions among animals, humans and ecosystems. Hence, this complex health threat strongly requires a multisectoral collaboration known as the One Health approach. Outbreaks of avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola hemorrhagic fever, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and other emerging diseases have alarmed the public, caused massive economic losses, jeopardised business and diplomatic relations, and threatened the public’s trust in the ability of health professionals to protect them. These diseases, which are able to cross the Darwinian divide between animals and people, do not depend on humans for their survival. This gives them a competitive advantage which demands that we revisit basic strategies for disease control.

Keywords: awareness, collaboration, emerging and re-emerging, infectious diseases, multi-sectoral, one health approaches, zoonotic diseases.

Introduction

The global transport of plants, animals and animal products ,which includes hundreds of exotic species of wildlife, provides safe passage for their bacteria, viruses, fungi, and prion proteins.1 Surveillance of infectious diseases is most useful when it occurs as close to their source as possible, rather than waiting to measure morbidity and mortality in distant lands. Currently, no government agency is responsible for, or capable of, the surveillance and prevention of the myriad of diseases residing around the world. None are given the responsibility for robustly pursuing the simplest of concepts – the health of people, animals and the environment in which we all live, are inextricably linked. Some steps are being taken. Since 2005 the United Nations food and Agriculture Organization has collaborated with the wildlife Conservation Society to coordinate responses and investigations of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in wild birds. The World Organization for Animal Health (Office international des Epizooties (OIE)) has committees to address wildlife-related disease and zoonotic and emerging diseases and is working to develop broader, more routine reporting capabilities. The World Health Organization (WHO) was limited to responding only to information officially provided by countries that may or may not know about, or want to reveal, the presence of a disease. Recent changes in WHO’s guidance related to the international Health Regulations will allow for information gathering without going through official channels and this could greatly help in global response time. Of the over 1,400 infectious diseases currently known to modern medicine, most are shared between humans and animals. roman anthropocentric point of few, most of these infectious agents are labelled zoonotic, which describe diseases of animals that infect people. Anthrax, Rift Valley fever, plague, Lyme disease, and monkeypox are just a few examples. The other group that moves across species boundaries, the anthropozoonotic diseases, are typically found in humans but can, and do, infect animals. Human herpes virus, human tuberculosis, and human measles are all transmissible to a variety of animal species with devastating consequences. This traditional division of infectious agents into two groups obscures the reality that these diseases can move back and forth, and change characteristics in the process. The consensus of scientific opinion on the origin of HIV/AIDS links it to human consumption of non-human primates along with their simian immunodeficiency viruses, estimated to have taken place in Africa late in the first half of the 20th century.3 Recent Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in humans in Africa have a similar history. The virus infects people, gorillas, chimpanzees and monkeys, causing severe internal and external haemorrhaging.4 When subsistence hunters discover a sick or dead animal in the forest, they bring it home to feed their families and trade with neighbours. The ebola virus then easily infects those handling the meat and a chain of contacts and infections ensue. Each of the human outbreaks in central Africa during the late 1990s and the first years of this century were traced to humans handling infected great apes. The SARS coronavirus has been associated with the trade in small wild carnivores. SARS first appeared as a severe pneumonia in China’s Guangdong Province in late 2002. It was an unknown disease and very infectious. Within a matter of weeks, it spread via a hotel visitor in Hong Kong to five continents. By july of 2003, WHO tallied 8,437 cases, with 813 deaths. A coronavirus (a family of viruses found in many animal species) was finally discovered to be the culprit, and it was also detected in masked palm civets that were farmed in the region and sold for human consumption.

The Scope Of One Health
The following areas requiring the One Health approach at all levels of academia, government, industry, policy and research, because of the interconnectedness of human, animal, environmental, plant and whole planet health: agricultural production and land use; animals (as sentinels for environmental agent and contamination detection and response); antimicrobial resistance mitigation; biodiversity (conservation medicine); climate change and its effects on humans, animals and ecosystems; clinical medicine; sector of information communication and outreach; comparative medicine; disaster preparedness and response; disease surveillance and prevention of both infectious (zoonoses) and chronic diseases; economics; environmental health; food safety and security; global trade; the human-livestock bond; natural resource conservation; occupational health risks; plant and soil health; professional education and training; public policy and regulation; research; water safety; and the welfare/well-being of animals, humans, ecosystems and the planet.

Why The One Health Approach

Animals and humans are infected by many of the same microorganisms because they live in a shared ecosystem. For example, most zoonotic diseases, such as rabies, anthrax and brucellosis, can be effectively prevented in humans by controlling an animal source of the causative agents. Drug resistant microorganisms can be transmitted between humans and animals through contaminated food and direct contact. Environmental pollution, ecosystem destruction,antimicrobial resistance (due to misuse of antibiotics) and consumption of contaminated food (causing foodborne illness due to consumption of products of animal origin, fruits, vegetables and contaminated water) are also among the relevant problems in which they cannot controlled and eliminated by one sector alone. Therefore, to effectively address these issues, a well-coordinated one Health approach in the human–animal–environment sectors is required
Moreover, advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG-3 (“Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all stages”) and SDG-15 (“Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss”), provides a unique opportunity for relevant sectors to work in a collaborate manner

Importance Of One Health Approach
The One Health approach is used to conduct joint disease surveillance; control and prevent zoonotic diseases outbreaks; improve food safety and security; and decrease anti-microbial resistant infections to improve human and animal health. By promoting strong collaboration among relevant sectors, the One Health approach strengthens the disease surveillance system, the data sharing mechanism with all stakeholders, diagnostic laboratory systems, and the network for early response and detection of zoonoses. This approach clearly enhances the zoonotic disease prevention and control workforce and ensures effective and coordinated public health emergency preparedness, in which all strategies contribute to the effective reduction of zoonotic diseases. Generally, the One Health approach strongly supports international health security through its effective multi-sectoral collaboration, coordination and information communication at the interface between relevant sectors by addressing common health threats, such as zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance, food safety and security issues.

Quadripartite Memorandum Of Understanding For The One Health Collaboration On March 17, 2022, the FAO, WOAH and WHO updated their former tripartite agreement to a new quadripartite agreement by incorporating the United Nations environmental Programme as an equal partner working on One Health in collaboration. Accordingly, the directors General of the four organizations signed a mem-orandum of understanding agreeing to increase collaboration to maximize and optimize the health of animals, humans, the environment and plants. The agreement not only provides a legal framework for those organizations to combat challenges at the ecosystem–animal–human interface, but also enhances the reinforcement of international, regional, national and local health services

Common One Health Issues
One Health issues include emerging, re-emerging, and endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases, vector-borne diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety and food security, environmental contamination, climate change and other health threats shared by people, animals, and the environment. For example:

Antimicrobial-resistant germs can quickly spread through communities, the food supply, healthcare facilities, and the environment (soil, water), making it harder to treat certain infections in animals and people.

Vector-borne diseases are on the rise with warmer temperatures and expanded mosquito and tick habitats.
Diseases in food animals can threaten supplies, livelihoods, and economies.
Thehuman-animal bond can help improve mental well-being.
Contamination of waterused for drinking, recreation, and more can make people and animals sick.Even the fields of chronic disease, mental health, injury, occupational health, and non-communicable diseases can benefit from a One Health approach involving collaboration across disciplines and sectors.

The ONE Health Approach Can:-
•Prevent outbreaks of zoonotic disease in animals and people.

Improve food safety and security.
Reduce antimicrobial-resistant infections and improve human and animal health. •Protect global health security.
Protect biodiversity and conservation.

By promoting collaboration across all sectors, a One Health approach can achieve the best health outcomes for people, animals, and plants in a shared environment.

Joint Disease Surveillance
For early detection of zoonotic diseases, joint and/or coordinated surveillance systems should be considered by all relevant sectors. The main objective of joint surveillance for zoonotic diseases is to identify the disease events and support the application of coordinated response, prevention and mitigation measures. In addition to supporting research areas, the understanding of disease burden, monitoring and intervention is facilitated. Joint surveillance of zoonotic diseases involves engagement of relevant sectors, and common data including identification numbers, time series data, sites of common exposure and/or geospatial data sources. These efforts require case definitions for surveillance, case detection methods and procedures for case confirmation, including laboratory results. The joint surveillance system also require the development of a specific technical group that can be involved at all One Health institutions as well as a strategic plan to prevent the disease.

Challenges
Although considerable activities, effort and progress have strengthened the One Health approach in the past decades, its institutionalization and sustainable and/or regular operationalization within government institutions remain challenging, owing to various constraints that might contribute to weaknesses in effective coordination, such as differences in resource allocation among human, animal and environmental health programs, and disparities in education and training in various disciplines and fields. Owing to the lack of appropriate budgeting and coordination, occasional attempts to control and prevent zoonoses through One Health approach are not well integrated. In most nations, poor coordination and integration across the human–animal–environmental health sectors persists in terms of information sharing; a lack of commitment of government officials in supporting one Health with financing and leadership (particularly in developing countries); competing priorities among zoonotic diseases prevention and control measures; limited diagnostic laboratory capacity to detect causative agents; and weak or absent legislation implementing the one Health approach, particularly through public private partnerships. Universities in most parts of the world cannot include One Health course curricula in human, veterinary medicine and other disciplines. Moreover, the main challenges of One Health include diverse emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases; increased human–animal–ecosystem interaction because of the exponential growth of livestock and human populations; rapidly increasing urbanization and changing farming systems; very close interactions between wildlife and domestic animals that can result in forest encroachment (followed by habitat distraction and ecosystem change); globalization of trade in animal and animal products; antimicrobial resistance; and climate change.

Solutions

Integrated activities are needed at multiple levels, including the grassroots national level, and regional and global levels. One Health must effectively operationalize, and the described lines of work require implementation through cooperation and intersectional dialogue. Research institutions must extensively cooperate in One Health issues through effective studies on emerging pathogens and mechanisms of disease spillover, and monitoring of risks of prevention and control strategies of zoonotic and/or infectious diseases. Strong intersectional collaboration across the human and veterinary health, wildlife and environment sectors can enhance regular joint surveillance capacity, understanding of the dynamics of zoonotic disease emergencies and provision of an actual framework for effective implementation of health measures. Every national public health institution and other relevant institution must be committed to ensuring the institutionalization of One Health in their regular plans and/or activities. Countries worldwide must encourage higher education institutions to integrate One Health principles and philosophies into academic curricula and research areas. Moreover, diagnostic laboratory capacity must be increased, and government leadership must be advised or made aware of their commitment to the One health approach. To develop legal solutions for the implementation of One Health approach, identifying legal principles and institutional dynamics of relevant sectors beyond their sector specific legislation is important.

Conclusion And Recommendation
Re-emerging and emerging zoonoses are an increasing international threat. In the past 20 years, they have caused very high economic and public health damage in many local and global multi-sectoral economies. Over the past 20 years, several deadly zoonotic disease outbreaks have been reported worldwide. Because of global interconnectedness at the human–animal–environment interface, the threat of a given disease somewhere is a threat everywhere. Thus, zoonotic diseases may become the main public health and economic challenge globally in the coming decades. Hence, a strong multi-sectoral collaborative and institutional system (the One Health approach) is required to effectively reduce the burden of, prevent and control those zoonoses. Reviewing and compiling.

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