One World, One Health Prevents: Zoonosis
Sanjay Kumar Bharti1, Pratibha Kumari2, Anil Kumar Safi3 and Ramesh Kumar Singh4
1Head, 2&3M.V.Sc. Research Scholar, Department of Veterinary Anatomy,
4Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding
Bihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna-14
Introduction
One Health is an approach that identify that the health of humankind is closely associated to the health of animals and our surrounding environment. One Health is not new, but it has become more significant in recent years. This is because of many factors that have changed interactions between humankind, animals, plants, and our surrounding environment.
Human populations are increasing and expanding into new geographic areas. As a result, more humankinds live in close contact with wild and domestic animals, both livestock and pets. Animals play a significant role in our lives, whether for food, fibre, livelihoods, travel, sport, education, or companionship. Close contact with animals and their environments provides more freedom for diseases to pass between animals and humankinds.
The earth has experienced changes in climate and land use, such as deforestation and intensive farming practices. Disruptions in our surrounding environmental conditions and habitats can provide new freedom for diseases to pass to animals.
The Travelling of people, animals, and animal products has increased from international travel and trade. As a result, diseases can expand quickly across borders and around the globe.
These changes have led to the expands of existing or endemic and new or emerging Zoonotic disease, which are diseases that can spread between animals and humankinds. Every year, millions of people and animals around the world are affected by zoonotic diseases. Examples of zoonotic diseases include:
Anthrax, Brucellosis, Rabies, Nile virus infection, Q Fever, Lyme disease, Ringworm Ebola and Salmonella infection
What are major One Health problems?
One Health issues include emerging, re-emerging, and endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases, vector-borne diseases, food safety food security antimicrobial resistance environmental contamination, climate change and other health threats shared by people, animals, and the environment. For example:
- Antibimicrobial-resistant germs can quickly expand through communities, the food supply, healthcare facilities, and the surrounding environment (soil, water), making it harder to treat certain infections in animals and people.
- Vector-borne diseases are on the rise with hot humid temperatures and expanded mosquito and tick habitats.
- Diseases in food animals can threaten supplies, livelihoods, and economies.
- The human-animal bond can help improve mental and social well-being.
- Contamination of water used for drinking, recreation, and more can make people and animals sick.
Even the aspect of chronic disease, mental health, injury, occupational health, and non-communicable diseases can benefit from a One Health approach involving collaboration across disciplines and sectors.
How does a One Health approach work?
The Foundation of One Health
- Communication, B. Coordination C. Collaboration
Among humankinds, animal, surrounding environmental health, and other relevant partners.
One Health is gaining recognition in the United States and globally as an effective way to fight health issues at the humankinds-animal-surrounding environment interface, including zoonotic diseases. CDC uses a One Health approach by involving experts in humankinds, animal, environmental health, and other relevant disciplines and sectors in monitoring and controlling public health threats and to learn about how diseases spread among people, animals, plants, and the environment.
Successful public health interventions require the cooperation of human, animal, and environmental health partners. Professionals in human health (doctors, nurses, public health practitioners, epidemiologists), animal health (veterinarians, paraprofessionals, agricultural workers), environment (ecologists, wildlife experts), and other areas of expertise need to communicate, collaborate on, and coordinate activities. Other relevant players in a One Health approach could include law enforcement, policymakers, agriculture, communities, and even pet owners. No one person, organization, or sector can address issues at the animal-human-environment interface alone.
The One Health approach can:
Reduce outbreaks of zoonotic disease in animals and people. Enhanced food safety and security. Decreases antibimicrobial-resistant infections and improve humankinds and animal health. Protect global health security. Protect biodiversity and conservation.
By promoting collaboration across all sectors, a One Health approach can achieve the best health outcomes for people, animals, and plants in a shared environment.
Zoonosis are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humankinds. They are a major public health concern and can have important consequences for both human and animal populations. One World, One Health is a global initiative aimed at preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases through association between humankinds and animal health sectors.
Zoonosis are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans and/or from humans to animals. About 75% of new emerging and re-emerging disease of etiological factors are zoonotic: 60% spread from domestic and wild animals, and 80% are of concern regarding bioterrorism. For the past 18-20 years, the world has faced several and serious zoonotic disease outbreaks. Some zoonosis can cause recurring outbreaks, such as Ebola virus disease, salmonellosis, Marburg disease, rabies and anthrax. Still others, such as the novel coronavirus causing COVID-19, have the potential to cause worldwide pandemics. The high risk of emerging and remerging disease spill over and burden has been increased by extensive interactions among animals, humans and ecosystems. Hence, this complex health threat strongly requires a multi-sectoral collaboration known as the One Health approach. This article discusses recent scientific policies, initiatives, best practices, systems and challenges in One Health. The critical rapid review method was used, with a particular emphasis on available and recent global information. Literature reported in Google Scholar and PubMed, and data publicly available on the websites of major global, regional and national organizations were included. The aim of this article is to provide compiled information and increase awareness.
The term “One World, One Health” was first coined in 2003 by the Wildlife Conservation Society, and it has since been adopted by many international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The initiative recognizes that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected and that collaboration between these sectors is necessary to address the complex challenges posed by zoonotic diseases.
Zoonotic diseases can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Some of the most well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, avian influenza, and Ebola. These diseases can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or exposure to contaminated environments.
The impact of zoonotic diseases on human health can be significant. According to the WHO, more than 60% of all infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic in origin. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, from mild flu-like symptoms to severe illness and death. In addition to the human toll, zoonotic diseases can also have significant economic impacts, particularly in the agricultural sector.
Preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases requires a multidisciplinary approach. This includes surveillance and early detection of outbreaks, effective communication between human and animal health sectors, and implementation of appropriate control measures. One World, One Health emphasizes the importance of collaboration between these sectors in order to achieve these goals.
One key aspect of the One World, One Health initiative is the development of integrated disease surveillance systems. These systems aim to monitor disease outbreaks in both human and animal populations, allowing for early detection and rapid response. This can help to prevent the spread of disease and reduce the impact on both human and animal health.
Another important aspect of the initiative is the promotion of responsible use of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. Overuse of these drugs can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which pose a significant threat to both human and animal health. One World, One Health advocates for the responsible use of these drugs in order to preserve their effectiveness for future generations.
In addition to these measures, One World, One Health also emphasizes the importance of environmental conservation and sustainable development. Healthy ecosystems are essential for maintaining the health of both human and animal populations, and efforts to protect these ecosystems can help to prevent the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases.
CHALANGGES AND DEMANDING OF THE ONE HEALTH APPROACH AND PRACTICABLE REMEDIES
Challenges
Although major considerable occupation, effort and progress have strengthened the One Health approach in the past decades, its institutionalization and liveable and continuation operationalization within government institutions remain challenging, owing to various constraints that might contribute to weaknesses in effective coordination, such as differences in assets allocation among humankinds, animal and environmental health programs, and discrepancy in education and training in various disciplines and fields. Owing to the lack of appropriate budgeting and coordination, occasional attempts to control and prevent zoonosis through One Health approach are not well desegregated, it was reported by Lee et all (2013). In most countries, poor coordination and integration across the humankinds–animal–surrounding environmental health sectors persists in terms of information sharing; a deficiency of commitment of government officials in helping. One Health with financing and leadership specially in developing countries; competing priorities among zoonotic diseases prevention and control measures; less facilities of diagnostic laboratory capacity to identify the causative agents; and weak or absent legislation implementing the One Health approach, particularly through public private partnerships. Universities in most country of the world cannot include One Health course curricula and syllabus in human, veterinary medicine and other disciplines it was reported by UN FAO. One Health legislation. FAO (2020)
In addition, the main challenges of One Health include diverse emerging and remerging zoonotic diseases; increased humankind–animal–surrounding ecosystem interaction because of the exponential development and growth of livestock and human populations; rapidly increasing urbanization and changing farming systems; very close interconnection between wildlife and domestic animals that can result in forest encroachment and deforestation (followed by habitat distraction and ecosystem change); globalization of trade in animal and animal products; antimicrobial resistance; and climate change this finding was reported by Tessema et all in 2015.
Remedies
Commingled activities are required at various levels, including the grassroots countries level, and worldwide. One Health must seriously operationalize, and the described lines of work require implementation through cooperation and intersectional dialogue. Research and teaching institutions must extensively cooperate in One Health issues through effective studies on emerging pathogens and mechanisms of disease spill over, and monitoring of factor of prevention and control strategies of zoonotic and/or infectious diseases, in 2022, this finding was reported by Tidman et all. Strong and effective intersectional collaboration across the humankinds and veterinary health, wildlife and environment sectors can increase regular joint surveillance capacity, understanding of the dynamics of zoonotic disease emergencies and provision of an actual architecture for effective implementation of health measures this finding was reported by Batsukh et all in 2013. In 2017 Belary et all reported that every national public health institution and other relevant institution must be committed to safeguard the institutionalization of One Health in their regular activities. Nation worldwide must encourage higher education institutions to integrate One Health principles and philosophies into academic and teaching curricula along with research areas. In addition, diagnostic, research laboratory capacity must be increased, and government leadership must be advised or made aware of their commitment to the One Health Approach It was suggested by Erkyihun et all (2022). To develop legal solutions for the implementation of One Health approach, identifying legal principles and institutional dynamics of relevant sectors beyond their sector specific legislation is effective it was suggested by UN FAO. One Health legislation. FAO. 2020
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Re-emerging and emerging zoonosis are an increasing worldwide threat. In the past 18-20 years, they have caused more economic and social health damage in many local and global multi-sectoral economies. Over the past 18-20 years, several deadly zoonotic disease outbreaks have been found in globe. Because of global interconnectedness at the humankinds–animal–surrounding environment interface, the threat of a given disease somewhere is a threat everywhere. Thus, zoonotic diseases may become the main public health and economic challenge globally in the coming decades. Hence, a strong multi-sectoral collaborative and institutional system (the One Health approach) is required to effectively reduce the burden of, prevent and control that zoonosis. Reviewing and compiling present One Health approach mechanisms, policies and strategies is critical. In this review article, major globally available One Health policies, strategies, systems, coordination mechanisms, initiatives and best practices for developed and developing countries have been implemented and mapped out, together with challenges and solutions to improve understanding. On this basis, we advised recommend that all One Health stakeholders worldwide aggressively work toward the promotion, implementation and institutionalization of the One Health approach.
In conclusion, One World, One Health is worldwide initiative aimed at preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases through collaboration between human and animal health sectors. The initiative recognizes that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected and that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to address the complex challenges posed by zoonotic diseases. By working together, we can help to protect the health of both human and animal populations and promote sustainable development for future generations.
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