ONE WORLD,ONE HEALTH:PREVENT ZOONOSES
Heena Panwar, Hukma Ram Parihar
ABSTRACT
One world ,one health suggest that health of human,health of animals & environment are interconnected with each other and animals health is equally important as human health .By giving importance to animal health,enviroment and human health prevention & control of zoonotic disease take place by applying good approaches such as Surveillance,monitoring,vaccination ,and Public awareness.Approaches applies by animal owner are Animal care,hygiene, sanitation,awareness,identify deviation in normal behaviour & watch out exact time of vaccination.In Rabies control mass vaccination play pivotal role and post exposure prophylaxis.Nipah virus control by culling of infected animal and restrict movement of healthy animals.Avian influenza good biosecurity play important role. Bovine tuberculosis can be controlled by using pasturised milk & isolation of animals.Ebola virus can be controlled by isolation and quarantine.Educational campaign also help to spread awareness among animal owner, stakeholders about disease,vaccination,ethnoveterinary approaches to control spread of zoonotic disease by vector control(Tick control) in livestock.Vector is responsible for transmit various viral, bacterial, rickettsial and protozoal diseases to animals and humans
Keywords:- Surveillance, monitoring, vaccination, zoonoses, Health.
Introduction
One world, one health: Prevent zoonoses!” emphasizes the interconnected health of humans, animals, and our environment, specifically in preventing zoonotic diseases.The WHO Expert committee on Public Health Administration(1952) has defined public health as:- The science & art of preventing disease,prolonging life & promoting health & efficiency through organized community efforts.The word Zoonoses has been derived from greek word “ ZOO” means animal & “noses” means disease.Zoonotic disease constitute an unique group of infectious diseases that affect man as well as animals.The Joint Expert Committee of WHO &FAO (1959) has defined zoonoses as “Those disease & infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.”More than 200 diseases are now recognised as zoonoses .These diseases, such as COVID-19, Ebola, and rabies, are transmitted from animals to humans and cause significant public health threats.
Effective prevention requires to prevent spread of zoonotic disease:
Surveillance and Monitoring:
- Monitoring :- Routine observation on health, production & environmental factors,recording & dissemination of those observationsor Continous daily watchfullness
- Surveillance :- An intensive form of monitoring designed,so that action can be taken to improve health status of a population & therefore frequently used in disease controlling campaign.
Regular monitoring of wildlife and livestock to detect, prevent and control zoonotic diseases early.
Vaccination Programs: Vaccinating animals against common zoonotic diseases to reduce disease transmission risks.
Public Education: Informing communities about safe methods while handling animals and proper food hygiene.
Collaboration: Encouraging cooperation among governments, health organizations, and the agricultural sector to address zoonotic disease threats in large scale.
Habitat Protection: Conserving wildlife habitats to minimize human-wildlife interaction, reducing the chances of disease spread and important step in disease prevention:
EXAMPLES
- Rabies Elimination in Latin America:Background: Rabies is a fatal viral disease primarily transmitted through the bite of infected animals, particularly dogs.
Approach: Mass vaccination campaigns targeting domestic dogs, public education on rabies prevention, and post-exposure prophylaxis for bite victims.
Outcome: Significant reduction in human rabies cases in several Latin American countries, with some regions achieving near elimination.
- Nipah Virus Control in Malaysia: Nipah virus is a zoonotic pathogen that emerged in Malaysia in the late 1990s, causing severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans.
Approach: Surveillance of pig populations, culling infected animals, and restricting the movement of pigs. Public health education on avoiding contact with sick animals.
Outcome: The outbreak was contained, and ongoing surveillance has prevented further large-scale outbreaks.
3.H5N1 Avian Influenza in Southeast Asia: H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that can infect humans and has a high mortality rate.
Approach: Culling of infected poultry, vaccination of poultry flocks, biosecurity measures in poultry farming, and public awareness campaigns.
Outcome: Significant reduction in H5N1 cases in both poultry and humans, though sporadic cases still occur, highlighting the need for continued vigilance.
- Ebola Virus Control in West Africa:Background: The Ebola virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and has a high fatality rate.
Approach: Quarantine and isolation of affected individuals, safe burial practices, community engagement, and the use of experimental vaccines during outbreaks.
Outcome: The 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak was eventually controlled, and subsequent outbreaks have been contained more rapidly due to improved response mechanisms.
4.Bovine Tuberculosis in the UK:Background: Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease in cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis, which can also infect humans.
Approach: Regular testing of cattle herds, culling of infected animals, movement restrictions, and wildlife control measures (e.g., badger culling in some areas).
Outcome: Reduction in Bovine tuberculosis incidence in cattle herds, though the disease remains a persistent challenge requiring ongoing efforts.
In india use of pasturized milk also help to control tuberculosis .
Ethnoveterinary Plants and Practices for the Control of Ticks and tick borne diseases:- TICKS are limiting factor for productivity of livestock animals because ticks transmit various bacterial,rickettsial and protozoal disease to animal and human.
Garlic-10 pearls
Neem leaves-1 handful
Neem fruit -1 handful
ACORUS RHIZOME- 10g
Turmeric powder:-20 g
Lantana leaves-1 handful
Tulsi leaves -1 handful
Blend all ingredients with 1litre clean water,strain attached to spray bottle,spray to animals
Case Study: Rabies Elimination in Latin America : Rabies is a fatal viral disease primarily transmitted through the bites of infected animals, particularly domestic dogs. In Latin America, rabies was historically a significant public health issue, causing numerous human deaths each year.
Approach: The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) launched a regional initiative in the 1980s to eliminate human rabies transmitted by dogs. The approach involved several key strategies:
Mass Vaccination Campaigns:Implementation: National and local governments, often with support from international organizations, conducted widespread vaccination campaigns targeting domestic dogs, which are the primary reservoir for rabies.Outcome: High vaccination coverage rates were achieved in many countries, significantly reducing the incidence of rabies in dog populations.
Public Education and Awareness:Implementation: Educational campaigns informed the public about the risks of rabies, the importance of vaccinating pets, and the steps to take after potential exposure (such as seeking immediate medical attention).
Outcome: Increased public awareness led to more responsible pet ownership and timely medical interventions, reducing human cases of rabies.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):Implementation: Health systems were strengthened to ensure that anyone exposed to a potentially rabid animal received prompt and appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) treatment, which is highly effective at preventing the onset of rabies if administered promptly.Outcome: The availability and accessibility of PEP contributed significantly to preventing rabies deaths.
Surveillance and Monitoring:Implementation: Enhanced surveillance systems were established to monitor rabies cases in both animals and humans, track vaccination coverage, and identify outbreaks quickly.Outcome: Improved data collection and analysis allowed for timely and targeted responses to rabies threats.
Collaboration and Coordination:Implementation: National and regional coordination ensured that efforts were aligned and resources were used efficiently. Partnerships between governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international agencies were crucial.Outcome: Effective collaboration facilitated the sharing of best practices, resources, and technical expertise.Outcome: The combined efforts of these strategies led to a dramatic decrease in human rabies cases in Latin America. By 2015, many countries in the region reported zero human rabies cases transmitted by dogs. Some notable successes include:Mexico: Declared free of human rabies transmitted by dogs in 2019.Brazil and Peru: Achieved significant reductions in human rabies cases.
Challenges and Continued Efforts:
Sustaining Vaccination Coverage: Ensuring continued high vaccination coverage among dog populations remains crucial.
Addressing Wildlife Rabies: In some areas, rabies persists in wildlife reservoirs (e.g., bats), necessitating ongoing surveillance and public education efforts.
Resource Allocation: Maintaining adequate funding and resources for rabies prevention programs is essential to prevent resurgence.
Conclusion: The elimination of human rabies transmitted by dogs in much of Latin America stands as a testament to the effectiveness of coordinated public health interventions. Continuous efforts are needed to sustain these gains and address remaining challenges to ensure rabies remains under control.
The concept of “One World, One Health, and PREVENT Zoonoses” emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Veterinarians and animal owners play critical roles in achieving these goals.
Role of Veterinarians Zoonotic Diseases control
Surveillance and Control: Veterinarians are essential in monitoring and controlling zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They conduct regular health checks, vaccinations, and treatments to prevent outbreaks.
Public Health Education: Veterinarians educate the public about the risks of zoonotic diseases and the importance of hygiene and preventive measures. They provide guidance on safe handling of animals and proper sanitation practices
Research and Development: Veterinarians engage in research to understand the mechanisms of zoonotic diseases, develop vaccines, and create new treatments. Their research contributes to the overall body of knowledge needed to combat these diseases.
Collaboration with Health Professionals: Veterinarians work alongside human health professionals to ensure a coordinated response to zoonotic disease outbreaks. This includes sharing information and resources to improve disease management and control strategies.
Environmental Health Monitoring: Veterinarians help monitor environmental factors that can influence animal and human health. They contribute to environmental conservation efforts, ensuring that ecosystems remain healthy and sustainable.
Role of Animal Owners
Responsible Animal Care: Animal owners must provide proper care for their animals, including regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, and adequate nutrition. Healthy animals are less likely to become sources of zoonotic diseases.
Hygiene and Sanitation: Maintaining clean living conditions for animals is crucial. Animal owners should practice good hygiene, such as regular cleaning of animal habitats and proper disposal of waste, to minimize the risk of disease transmission.
Awareness and Education: Animal owners should stay informed about zoonotic diseases and their prevention. They should follow guidelines provided by veterinarians and public health officials to protect both animal and human health.
Reporting Illnesses: Promptly reporting any signs of illness in animals to a veterinarian can help prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases. Early detection and treatment are vital in managing outbreaks.
Participation in Community Efforts: Animal owners can participate in community initiatives aimed at controlling zoonotic diseases, such as vaccination campaigns and public health workshops. Collective efforts enhance overall community health.
Collaborative Efforts Achieving “One World, One Health, and Prevent Zoonoses” requires a collaborative approach involving veterinarians, animal owners, public health officials, and environmental scientists.
By working together, these stakeholders can:Develop comprehensive surveillance systems for early detection of zoonotic diseases.
By applying integrated health policies that address the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.Promote sustainable practices that reduce the risk of disease transmission.Enhance communication and information sharing to respond effectively to health threats.
Conclusion, veterinarians and animal owners are integral to the One Health approach, which aims to achieve optimal health outcomes for humans, animals, and the environment through collaborative and preventive measures.
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