PREPARATION & FEEDING OF BYPASS FAT (Rumen Protected Fat) TO DAIRY ANIMALS
Dietary fat, which is not degraded in upper part of digestive tract (rumen) of animal, but gets digested in lower alimentary tract is known as bypass fat.
This bypass fat is also known as
• Rumen protected fat.
• Calcium salts of long chain fatty acids.
• Calcium soaps.
Immediate after calving, there is huge loss of energy from dairy animals through milk, but feed intake is reduced. Therefore, animals remain in negative energy balances.Due to this facts, milk production, reproductive performances and body condition of animals are adversely affected.
Adverse effect is more in high producing animals. Bypass fat is rich source of energy. Besides, bypass fat is a good source of calcium. Thus, supplementation of bypass fat improves milk production, reproductive performances and body condition of animals.
•Inclusion of oil causes digestive problems in
animals. As oil is degraded in upper part of digestive tract (rumen) of animals, avialbility of energy is lower than bypass fat. That’s Why oil can not be included instead of bypass fat to get more energy.
In India, buffaloes contribute a major part of high fat milk and during early lactation, the amount of energy required for maintenance of body tissues and milk production often exceeds the amount of energy available from the diet, causes negative energy balance thus forcing mobilization of body fat reserves to satisfy energy requirement. Due to the decreased feed intake at the end of gestation, the negative energy balance period often starts prior to calving .The negative energy balance in early lactation causes delayed post-partum ovarian activity , apart from affecting peak milk yield and overall lactation yield. The level of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increases in plasma as a consequence of body fat mobilization and leads to hepatic lipidosis. In initial lactation to meet their energy requirement of high yielding crossbred animals, they should be fed with either higher level of cereal grains or fed on a diet supplemented with bypass nutrients. But excess of cereal grains in the diet can cause rumen acidosis predisposing the animals to ill health, animal goes off feed, leading to drop in milk yield.
Supplementing bypass fat aides in enhancing milk and fat yield in lactating animals, this can additionally be upgraded by a fortress with rumen protected choline chloride.
Use of dietary fat in dairy animals———
In ration of early lactating or high yielding dairy animals, fat is helpful in increasing the energy density of the diet which is 2.25 times than carbohydrate. The supplementation of fat in animals rations checks negative energy balance during early lactation, acidosis and laminitis, subordinate heat production and integrate fatty acid into milk fat.
Rumen-active fat ———–
Raw edible oil if given beyond a certain proportion as a source of fat for increasing energy density of the ration may adversely affect fiber digestion and bind divalent mineral ions. Fats which are not protected causes physical and chemical changes in the microbial fermentation of feed that are generally negative, and feeding of free or unprotected fat above 1% level has a depressing effect on rumen cellulolytic microbial activity . Milk fat is criticized for having higher content of saturated fatty acids and lower content of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are atherogenic, and raise the risk of cardiovascular disease by increasing plasma cholesterol and low density lipoproteins (LDL). The amount and composition of milk fat can be influenced by means of feeding. Most strategies involve supplementing diet with plant oils or oil seeds.
What is by pass fat ——-
It is a type of fat which have high melting point remaining insoluble at rumen temperature and have no harmful effect on rumen fermentation. The objective of bypassing rumen is to save the beneficial unsaturated fatty acids from microbial biohydrogenation.
Natural bypass fat————-
Whole oil seeds with hard outer seed coat, which protects the internal fatty acids from lipolysis and bio-hydrogenation in the rumen . oil seeds cakes commonly used in the ration of dairy animals are cotton, roasted soybeans, sun flower and canola.
Crystalline or prilled fatty acids—————
Crystalline or prilled fatty acids can be made by liquifying and spraying the saturated fatty acids under pressure into cooled atmosphere causes increase in melting point of the fatty acids which do not melt at ruminal temperature, resisting rumen hydrolysis and association with bacterial cells or feed particles thus by pass rumen degradation and digested in small intestine by lipase enzyme and make available energy for the productive processes such as lactation.
Advanatges of supplementaion of bypass fat to dairy animals
• Keeps animals in positive energy balance.
• Increases milk yield (up to 20%).
• Increases milk fat content.
• Maximises peak milk yield and lactation days.
• Improvement in reproductive performances.
• Prevents post-partum weight loss.
• Improves general body condition.
• Protects from heat stress.
NB-• Effects is not similar in all types of dairy animals. Effect tends to be greater in high yielding dairy animals (cows producing more than 15 liters milk/ day and buffaloes producing more than 8 liters milk/ day). Effect tends to be greater in early lactation (0-90 days) than mid lactation (91-150 days). Effects tends to be more in Holstein cows
FEEDING OF BYPASS NUTRIENT TO DAIRY CATTLE FOR MORE MILK PRODUCTION
Doses of bypass fat to be supplemented
• 15-20 g/ kg milk production/ animal/ day.
• It can be supplemented to dairy animals 15 days before to 150 days after parturition.
Method of bypass fat to be supplemented
• Bypass fat can be supplemented to dairy animals by mixing with concentrate mixture. It can be given as single dose or in divided doses.
Benefits /Economics of supplementation of bypass fat to dairy animals
. Cost of production of the indigenously prepared bypass fat is highly dependant up on the cost of raw materials. In present situation, cost of production of bypass fat is approx. 150/- per kg. Approximately, feeding 300g bypass fat/ animal/day incresaes milk production by 1.5-2 ltr/day, giving a net profit of 20-50Rs/ animal/day. However, on purchase of raw materials in bulk, cost of production of the indigenously prepared bypass fat can be reduced significantly and profit will be more
Formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids ————–
Formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids is also an affecting means of protecting dietary fat from rumen hydrolysis .Casein-formaldehyde coated fat has been used by the earlier workers . Oil seeds can be crushed and treated with formaldehyde (1.2 g per 100g protein) in plastic bags or silos and kept for about a week. The drawback of Formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids is that in some cases it bypasses whole GIT.
Fatty acyl amide ————
Fatty acyl amide can be prepared and used as a source of bypass fat. Butylsoyamide is a fatty acyl amide consisting of an amide bond between soy fatty acids and a butylamine . Conversion of oleic acid to fatty acyl amide (oleamide) enhance the post-ruminal flow of oleic acid and mono-unsaturated fatty acids concentration of the milk, when fed to dairy cows.
Calcium salts of long chain fatty acids————-
Calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) are insoluble soaps produced by reaction of the carboxyl group of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) and calcium salts (Ca++). Degree of the insolubility of the Ca soaps depends upon the rumen pH and type of fatty acids. When rumen pH is more than 5.5, Ca-LCFA is inert in rumen. In acidic pH of the abomasum, fatty acids are dissociated from Ca-LCFA and then absorbed efficiently from the small intestine. Among all forms of bypass fat, Ca-LCFA is relatively less degradable in the rumen , has a highest intestinal digestibility and serves as an additional source of calcium.
Preparation of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids————–
Concentrate sulphuric acid (120 ml) in 500 ml tap water was mixed with in 4 kg hot rice bran oil (RBO). After a few minutes (when effervesces almost subsided), 1.6 kg technical grade calcium hydroxide dissolved in 10 L water, was added to it and boiled for 30 minutes without cover on medium heat. When the Protected Fat became granular and non-sticky, it was filtered through a cloth with repeated washings under running tap water and was sun dried. The Protected Fat was kept in an air tight container in a cool place after mixing with butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) @ 0.05% as an antioxidant.
Effect of bypass fat ————
By pass fat is the most energy dense nutrient available that overcome the deleterious effect of fats having a low melting point on fiber digestibility, feed intake and absorption of magnesium and calcium. Bypass fat helps in overcoming this negative energy balance phenomenon. Rumen inert fat (Ca salt of fatty acid) is partially resistant to bio-hydrogenation by the rumen microbes and reduces the risk of metabolic acidosis.
Effect on reproduction —————
Supplementation of Ca-LCFA in the diet had a positive effect on reproductive performance of dairy cows, which is further dependent up on the specific fatty acids profile of the Ca salt. Feeding Ca-LCFA increases pregnancy rate and reduces open days . Hypotheses are suggested regarding the role of the fatty acids on reproductive performance of dairy animals . These include improved energy balance results in an earlier return to post-partum ovarian cycling; increase linoleic acid may provide increase PGF2α and stimulate return to ovarian cycling and improve follicular recruitment; and Increase in progesterone secretion either from improved energy balance or from altered lipoprotein composition from dietary fat improves fertility.
Effect on body weight and body condition———-
Body condition score (BCS) provides the best estimate of body fat distribution than body weigh Garg and Mehta (1998) observed that the BSC of the cows improved due to bypass fat feeding indicating reduction in weight loss in the first quarter and helped gaining substantially after 90 days of feeding. There is the better recovery in BW, ADG and BSC in crossbred cows during early lactation in bypass fat supplemented group.
Effect on milk composition ———
Hammon et al., observed that milk and lactose yields were higher in RPF fed animals than control. Milk fat percentage and total SNF yield are increased. Further, supplemental effect of bypass fat on milk fat content is dependent up on the level and fatty acid profile of the CaLCFA . Generally, there is negative effect on the milk protein percentage by supplementation of bypass fat (Ca-LCFA) which is due to dilution of milk protein as higher milk volume synthesized is not synchronized with uptake of amino acids by the mammary gland . Additional, dietary fat impairs amino acids transport to mammary gland and induces insulin resistance.
Effect of on economics———-
The total cost of production of bypass fat prepared by indigenous methods depends up on the cost and availability of the raw ingredients. Bypass fat, prepared by the indigenous methods is reasonable and inexpensive.
Level of bypass fat———-
The promising result of feeding Ca salt of fatty acid was more obvious at the early lactation, and maximum response was observed with the addition of 2–3% of bypass fat (150– 300 g/day). This improved the milk yield and feed efficiency in lactating cattle and buffaloes.
How bypass fat works————-
Bypass fat contains an unsaturated fat related with calcium particles, rather than a glycerol backbone. Fat supplement brought by association of calcium salt and fatty acid has low solubility, less susceptible to bio-hydrogenation and remain inert in the rumen. Though, in the abomasum at acidic pH it dissociates and set free fatty acid and calcium for absorption. The fatty acids are more digestible in the duodenum collectively due to high acidity, the detergent action of bile acids, lysolecithin, and fatty acids.
Choline is essential with bypass fat———–
Normally, choline can be synthesized adequately by the animals but supply of choline in early lactating dairy animals may be insufficient . Dietary choline must be supplemented in the protected form because it get degraded rapidly in the rumen . Choline is a constituent of phospholipid and acts as a methyl donor. It contributes to fat export from the liver via playing a vital role in the synthesis of very low density lipoprotein and consequence metabolism of fat for energy production and increases milk production. Significant decrease in serum NEFA level has been stated on feeding Rumen protected choline.
specification of bypass fat (ca-lcfa) supplement.
Characteristic ——-Requirement
Moisture —————-4-5
Fat content ———–80-84
Calcium content————- 7-9
Colour——– Light brown to pale yellow
Physical appearance ———Free flowing granules
Protection ————78-82
By pass fat (palm fatty acid distillate) manufactured at nddb:
Fatty acid composition of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) based bypass fat
Name of fatty acid———- Content
Palmitic acid (C16:0)——– 46-49
Oleic acid (C18:1) ———36-38
Linoleic acid (C18:2) ——–7-8
Stearic acid (C18:0)——— 4-6
Myristic acid (C14:0)———— 1.1-1.4
Lauric acid (C12:0)————– 0.2-0.3
Reference-On request.
Dr.Rakesh singh, TVO, Motihari
