Process for preparation and feeding of bypass Protein & fat(Rumen Protected Protein & Fat) to dairy Animals
It is a type of fat which have high melting point remaining insoluble at rumen temperature and have no harmful effect on rumen fermentation. The objective of bypassing rumen is to save the beneficial unsaturated fatty acids from microbial biohydrogenation .
Rumen bypass or “protected” fats are essentially dry fats processed to be easily handled and mixed into all animal feeds. Because dry fats naturally have high melting points, they are mostly insoluble at rumen body temperature. In essence, dry fats are not as much “protected” as completely insoluble in the rumen, so they have small impacts on rumen fermentation.
Today, there are only three methods of producing dry fats for animal feeds. The method that produces the least desirable product for the cow, partial hydrogenation of tallow, is seldom used for dairy rations and will not be discussed further. One acceptable method for producing a bypass fat is to hydrolyze the fatty acids from palm oil or tallow, partially hydrogenate them and then spray-chill them in a tower to form fatty acid prills.
The dominant bypass fat technology is still the reaction of vegetable fatty acids with calcium oxide to form insoluble calcium soaps. Within the feed industry, these calcium soaps, or salts, appear on feed labels as “calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids.” Because free fatty acids are a major byproduct of producing palm oil for human food, almost all calcium salts produced worldwide come from palm oil fatty acids.
Because large amounts of dietary fat will eventually reduce feed intake of any animal species, feeding guidelines for feeding bypass fats are generally in the range of 200 to 600 grams per cow daily. Performance goals and ration cost will generally be the dominant factors in determining how much bypass fat to feed.
Dietary fat which is not degraded in upper part of digested in lower alimentary track is known as bypass fat
In India, buffaloes contribute a major part of high fat milk and during early lactation, the amount of energy required for maintenance of body tissues and milk production often exceeds the amount of energy available from the diet, causes negative energy balance (Bell et al., 1995) , thus forcing mobilization of body fat reserves to satisfy energy requirement. Due to the decreased feed intake at the end of gestation, the negative energy balance period often starts prior to calving body fat mobilization (Reid and Collins, 1980) and leads to hepatic lipidosis. In initial lactation to meet their energy requirement of high yielding crossbred animals, they should be fed with either higher level of cereal grains or fed on a diet supplemented with bypass nutrients. But excess of cereal grains in the diet can cause rumen acidosis predisposing the animals to ill health, animal goes off feed, leading to drop in milk yield.
Use of dietary fat in dairy animals :
In ration of early lactating or high yielding dairy animals, fat is helpful in increasing the energy density of the diet which is 2.25 times than carbohydrate. The supplementation of fat in animals rations checks negative energy balance during early lactation, acidosis and laminitis, subordinate heat production and integrate fatty acid into milk fat.
Rumen-active fat :
Raw edible oil if given beyond a certain proportion as a source of fat for increasing energy density of the ration may adversely affect fiber digestion and bind divalent mineral ions. Fats which are not protected causes physical and chemical changes in the microbial fermentation of feed that are generally negative, and feeding of free or unprotected fat above 1% level has a depressing effect on rumen cellulolytic microbial activity (Palmquist, 1991) . Milk fat is criticized for having higher content of saturated fatty acids and lower content of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are atherogenic, and raise the risk of cardiovascular disease by increasing plasma cholesterol and low density lipoproteins (LDL). The amount and composition of milk fat can be influenced by means of feeding. Most strategies involve supplementing diet with plant oils or oil seeds.
Natural bypass fat:
Whole oil seeds with hard outer seed coat, which protects the internal fatty acids from lipolysis and bio-hydrogenation in the rumen (Ekeren et al., 1992) . oil seeds cakes commonly used in the ration of dairy animals are cotton, roasted soybeans, sun flower and canola.
Crystalline or prilled fatty acids:
Crystalline or prilled fatty acids can be made by liquifying and spraying the saturated fatty acids under pressure into cooled atmosphere causes increase in melting point of the fatty acids which do not melt at ruminal temperature, resisting rumen hydrolysis and association with bacterial cells or feed particles thus by pass rumen degradation and digested in small intestine by lipase enzyme and make available energy for the productive processes such as lactation
Formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids :
Formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids is also an affecting means of protecting dietary fat from rumen hydrolysis (Sutton et al., 1983) . Casein-formaldehyde coated fat has been used by the earlier workers (Bines et al., 1978) . Oil seeds can be crushed and treated with formaldehyde (1.2 g per 100g protein) in plastic bags or silos and kept for about a week. The drawback of Formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids is that in some cases it bypasses whole GIT.
Fatty acyl amide :
Fatty acyl amide can be prepared and used as a source of bypass fat. Butylsoyamide is a fatty acyl amide consisting of an amide bond between soy fatty acids and a butylamine (Jenkins, 1998) . Conversion of oleic acid to fatty acyl amide (oleamide) enhance the post-ruminal flow of oleic acid and mono-unsaturated fatty acids concentration of the milk, when fed to dairy cows.
Calcium salts of long chain fatty acids:
Calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) are insoluble soaps produced by reaction of the carboxyl group of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) and calcium salts (Ca++). Degree of the insolubility of the Ca soaps depends upon the rumen pH and type of fatty acids. When rumen pH is more than 5.5, Ca-LCFA is inert in rumen. In acidic pH of the abomasum, fatty acids are dissociated from Ca-LCFA and then absorbed efficiently from the small intestine. Among all forms of bypass fat, Ca-LCFA is relatively less degradable in the rumen (Elmeddah et al., 1991) , has a highest intestinal digestibility and serves as an additional source of calcium.
Preparation of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids :
Concentrate sulphuric acid (120 ml) in 500 ml tap water was mixed with in 4 kg hot rice bran oil (RBO). After a few minutes (when effervesces almost subsided), 1.6 kg technical grade calcium hydroxide dissolved in 10 L water, was added to it and boiled for 30 minutes without cover on medium heat. When the Protected Fat became granular and non-sticky, it was filtered through a cloth with repeated washings under running tap water and was sun dried. The Protected Fat was kept in an air tight container in a cool place after mixing with butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) @ 0.05% as an antioxidant.
Effect of bypass:
fat By pass fat is the most energy dense nutrient available that overcome the deleterious effect of fats having a low melting point on fiber digestibility, feed intake and absorption of magnesium and calcium. Bypass fat helps in overcoming this negative energy balance phenomenon. Rumen inert fat (Ca salt of fatty acid) is partially resistant to bio-hydrogenation by the rumen microbes and reduces the risk of metabolic acidosis.
Effect on reproduction :
Supplementation of Ca-LCFA in the diet had a positive effect on reproductive performance of dairy cows, which is further dependent up on the specific fatty acids profile of the Ca salt. Feeding Ca-LCFA increases pregnancy rate and reduces open days (Sklan et al., 1991) [26]. Hypotheses are suggested regarding the role of the fatty acids on reproductive performance of dairy animals (Sklan et al., 1994) . These include improved energy balance results in an earlier return to post-partum ovarian cycling; increase linoleic acid may provide increase PGF2α and stimulate return to ovarian cycling and improve follicular recruitment; and Increase in progesterone secretion either from improved energy balance or from altered lipoprotein composition from dietary fat improves fertility.
Effect on body weight and body condition:
Body condition score (BCS) provides the best estimate of body fat distribution than body weight (Ferguson et al., 1994) Garg and Mehta (1998) observed that the BSC of the cows improved due to bypass fat feeding indicating reduction in weight loss in the first quarter and helped gaining substantially after 90 days of feeding. There is the better recovery in BW, ADG and BSC in crossbred cows during early lactation in bypass fat supplemented group.
Effect on milk composition :
Hammon et al., 2008 observed that milk and lactose yields were higher in RPF fed animals than control. Milk fat percentage and total SNF yield are increased. Further, supplemental effect of bypass fat on milk fat content is dependent up on the level and fatty acid profile of the CaLCFA (Naik et al., 2009) . Generally, there is negative effect on the milk protein percentage by supplementation of bypass fat (Ca-LCFA) which is due to dilution of milk protein as higher milk volume synthesized is not synchronized with uptake of amino acids by the mammary gland (DePeters and Cantt, 1992) . Additional, dietary fat impairs amino acids transport to mammary gland and induces insulin resistance.
Effect of on economics :
The total cost of production of bypass fat prepared by indigenous methods depends up on the cost and availability of the raw ingredients. Bypass fat, prepared by the indigenous methods is reasonable and inexpensive.
Level of bypass fat :
The promising result of feeding Ca salt of fatty acid was more obvious at the early lactation, and maximum response was observed with the addition of 2–3% of bypass fat (150– 300 g/day). This improved the milk yield and feed efficiency in lactating cattle and buffaloes.
How bypass fat works :
Bypass fat contains an unsaturated fat related with calcium particles, rather than a glycerol backbone. Fat supplement brought by association of calcium salt and fatty acid has low solubility, less susceptible to bio-hydrogenation and remain inert in the rumen. Though, in the abomasum at acidic pH it dissociates and set free fatty acid and calcium for absorption. The fatty acids are more digestible in the duodenum collectively due to high acidity, the detergent action of bile acids, lysolecithin, and fatty acids.
Choline is essential with bypass fat:
Normally, choline can be synthesized adequately by the animals but supply of choline in early lactating dairy animals may be insufficient (Pires and Grummer, 2008) . Dietary choline must be supplemented in the protected form because it get degraded rapidly in the rumen (Elek et al., 2008) . Choline is a constituent of phospholipid and acts as a methyl donor. It contributes to fat export from the liver via playing a vital role in the synthesis of very low density lipoprotein and consequence metabolism of fat for energy production and increases milk production. Significant decrease in serum NEFA level has been stated on feeding Rumen protected choline .
Accessibility of bypass fat:
Bypass fat encompassing diverse levels of fat is available in the marketplace as commercial products.
By pass fat (palm fatty acid distillate) manufactured at nddb:
Fatty acid composition of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) based bypass fat
Name of fatty acid Content
Palmitic acid (C16:0) 46-49
Oleic acid (C18:1) 36-38
Linoleic acid (C18:2) 7-8
Stearic acid (C18:0) 4-6
Myristic acid (C14:0) 1.1-1.4
Lauric acid (C12:0) 0.2-0.3
specification of bypass fat (ca-lcfa) supplement.
Characteristic Requirement
Moisture 4-5
Fat content 80-84
Calcium content 7-9
Colour Light brown to pale yellow
Physical appearance -Free flowing granules
Protection 78-82
What are synonyms of bypass fat?
- Rumen protected fat
- Calcium salts of long chain fatty acids
- Calcium soaps
Why to supplement bypass fat to dairy animals?
- Immediate after calving there is huge loss of energy from dairy animals through milk but feed intake is reduced
- Therefore animals remain in negative energy balance.
- Due to above facts milk production reproductive performances and body condition of animals are adversely affected.
- Adverse effected is more in high producing animals.
- Bypass fat is rich source of energy.
- Beside bypass fat is a good source of calcium.
- Thus supplementation of bypass fat improves milk production, reproductive performances and body condition of animals
Why oil can be included instead of bypass fat to get nore energy?
- Inclusion of oil causes digestive problems in animals.
- As oil is degraded in upper part of digestive track (rumen) of animals avialbility of energy is lower than bypass fat.
What are advantages of supplementation of bypass fat to dairy animals
- keeps animals in positive energy balance.
- Increases milk yield (up to 20%)
- Increases milk fat content.
- Maximies peak milk yeild and location days.
- Improvement in reproductive performance.
- Prevents post-partum weight loss.
- Protects from heat stress.
Is effect of supplementation of bypass fat similar in all types of dairy animals?
- Effects is not similar in all types of dairy animals.
- Effect tends to be greater in high yielding dairy animals (cows producing more than 15 liters milk/day and buffaloes producing more than 8 liters milks /day).
- Effect tends to be greater in early lactation(0-90 days) then mid lactation(91-150 days).
- Effects tends to be more in Holstein cows
Where bypass fat is available?
- Bypass fat containing different level of fat are aviable in market commercially.
ARTICLES ON BYPASS PROTEIN & FAT CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM HERE:
feeding bypass nutrients to ruminants
BYPASS PROTEIN IN DAIRY CATTLE
