ROLE OF THE VETERINARIANS ROLE AND ONE HEALTH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ZOONOSIS

September 25, 2021

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ROLE OF THE VETERINARIANS ROLE AND ONE HEALTH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ZOONOSIS

INTRODUCTION

One health is simply to integrate efforts in medicine, veterinary medicine, public health, agriculture, and environmental health and zoonosis is an infectious disease that has fell from a non-human animal to humans or vice versa. Yeah, going through both the points we get confused whether we have to go for animal health or we have to go for our health or humans health. So being a veterinarian or as a human being, we are much more advanced than the animals and knows several ways to survive and sustain ourselves it doesn’t mean during a crisis we have to think of our sustenance only Otherwise, it is going to be a kind of selfish thing.

ONE HEALTH PROGRAMME

One health is a global level of the programme with a prime motto in mind for accomplishing optimal health outcomes recognising interactions between the people, animals, plants and their shared environments.

WHY DO WE NEED A ONE HEALTH APPROACH

Many of the same microbes infect animals and humans, as they share the eco-systems they live in. Defining and measuring the problem, determining the cause or risk factors for the problem, determining how to prevent or reduce the problem, and carrying out effective strategies on a larger scale and analyzing the impact for all this we need in a one health approach.

BACKGROUND ON ONE HEALTH

The HIV/AIDS pandemic in the 1980s and the Hantavirus outbreak in 1993, made us clear that emerging disease dangers can cross national borders, cultures and species. With that came a broader recognition that animal and zoonotic diseases pose a serious threat not only to human health but to global health security as well.

HOW TO CARRIED OUT ONE HEALTH PROGRAMME

If we take the example of rabies in humans is effectively prevented only by targeting the animal source of the virus (for example, by vaccinating dogs). As in many countries, many programmes are carried out for eradication of rabies from the society without disturbing animal health as well human health and coordination with the environment for giving a promising version to a one health programme and for this well-coordinated approach in humans and animals are required.

at the individual level: collaboration between the physicians and the veterinarians for individual health in assessing the zoonotic disease risk and early detection.
at the population level: collaborations during outbreaks between the human and animal health systems.
at the research level: collaboration between human and animal research institutes forms a new potential to gain new scientific insights into agent-host interactions.

ZOONOSIS

Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or food, water or the environment. They represent a major public health problem around the world due to our close relationship with animals in agriculture, as companions and in the natural environment. Zoonoses can also cause disruptions in the production and trade of animal products for food and other uses. It was back on July 6, 1885, when Louis Pasteur successfully administered the first vaccine against rabies, a zoonotic disease. Some 150 reported zoonotic diseases currently exist.

WHO IS AT RISK

Zoonotic pathogens can spread to humans through any contact point with domestic, agricultural or wild animals. Markets selling the meat or by-products of wild animals are particularly high risk due to the large number of new or undocumented pathogens known to exist in some wild animal populations. Agricultural workers in areas with high use of antibiotics for farm animals may be at increased risk of pathogens resistant to current antimicrobial drugs. People living adjacent to wilderness areas or in semiurban areas with higher numbers of wild animals are at risk of disease from animals such as rats, foxes or raccoons. Urbanization and the destruction of natural habitats increase the risk of zoonotic diseases by increasing contact between humans and wild animals. Zoonotic diseases continue to be a threat to global health, causing millions of deaths and economic losses every year. To support countries to control these diseases, the Tripartite organizations (FAO, OIE and WHO) today launched a guide entitled ‘Taking a Multisectoral, One Health Approach

HISTORY OF ZOONOSIS

The first epidemic, which was the Justinian Plague, began in the middle of the 6th century in the Byzantine Empire. Over 200 years, it is thought that nearly 25 million people died of the plague. The second epidemic, which is referred to as the Great Plague or the Black Death, occurred during the 14th century. The Great Plague began in China and travelled by established trade routes throughout Asia and Europe, ultimately killing millions of people and wiping out 60% of the population of Europe. The third plague, which is also known as the Modern Plague, began in China in the late 19th century and eventually killed 10 million worldwide. Rat-infested shipping containers and merchant ships, along with rat fleas, are considered to be likely reasons for the spread of the plague. Today, outbreaks of the plague still occur in parts of Asia.

ROLE OF THE VETERINARIANS ROLE AND ONE HEALTH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ZOONOSIS

To promote animal health and welfare, relieve animal suffering, protect the health of the public and environment, and advance comparative medical knowledge veterinarians plays a role Veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and welfare needs of every species of animal. Veterinarians also play critical roles in environmental protection, research, food safety, and public health.

1) directly prevent the spread of zoonotic disease by vaccinating companion animals against zoonotic diseases such as rabies, ensuring animal-based food is safe for human consumption and educating the public on biosafety and biosecurity principles.

2) Foodborne trematode infections cause 2 million life-years lost to disability and death worldwide every year. People become infected by eating raw fish, crustaceans or vegetables that harbour the parasite larvae. Safe and efficacious medicines are available to prevent and treat foodborne trematodes. Prevention and management of food-borne trematodes require cross-sectoral collaboration on the human-animal and ecosystems interface. E.g. Clonorchiasis, Opisthorchias, Fasciolias, Paragonimiasis. Creating awareness regarding foodborne trematodes amongst the people plays an important role in minimising the chance of diseases.

3) Some important milk-borne diseases include;

a) Anthrax: bacillus antacids Proper disposal by deep burial with the disinfection or total incineration of unopened carcasses, Disinfection of animal products, wool and hair, Dust control in factories, Vaccination of animals and high risk persons, medical care and management.
b) Brucellosis: Brucella abortus Pasteurization of milk, vaccination of animals and high risk persons, eradication by test and slaughter of infected animals, health education.
c) Salmonellosis: Salmonella Typhi Adequate treatment of water supply, proper disposal of effluent, strict hygiene during production, processing storage of milk and products, pasteurization of milk, control of flies. Treatment of the affected and immunization of population at risk.
d) Rabies: Vaccination of high-risk groups. Many peoples rare animals and care for them but during this condition, a pro-properly-known factor of rabies what exactly it causes amongst animals is an important factor so proper vaccination among all members of the family as well carried out proper vaccination schedule for animals for rabies is an important factor.

4) Some of the approaches taken by the veterinarians in the prevention of the diseases include: 1. Quarantine to minimize the risk of disease. 2. Test and slaughter during high risk, when no other diseases prevention programmes are available. 3. Environmental hygiene to prevent the prevalence of diseases 4. Mass immunization by vaccinating people as well animals.5. Vector control 6. Early diagnosis makes us clear that disease reduction among the populations. 7. Provision of treatment minimizes the risk of disease treatment reduces the spreading factor too. 8. Genetic improvement many biotechnological techniques are available to some extent to eradicate disease or prevalence of diseases by developing a proper vaccination development. 9. Health education to people regarding their health as well animals health.

5) Eradication.

Eradication is a strategy to minimises the diseases which affect the human as well as animal population. this factor is responsible for the elimination of disease and responsible for the elimination of the disease. As Rinderpest is a disease of high risk is get eradicated from the populations in India and this is the best achievement for us but in some of the countries, es this is not eradicated this will also end soon then eradication achievement is going to be successful. 6). Veterinarians come under infectious agents, zoonotic agents, waste anaesthetic gases, medications, animal bites, repetitive-motion injuries, noise, ionizing radiation so responsible for suffering from a disease is more so taking care of this point in mind help veterinarian to keep themselves safe and show their more response in surviving their hand in the health status of another people as well animals.

CONCLUSION

We can conclude here as a human being we are much more advanced than the animals and knows several ways to survive and sustain ourselves but thinking about our substance not making us a nice we have to go along with the environment as well animals the reason for our survival is not only a survival of us only but in coordination with the surrounding. And among society veterinarians played important role in carrying out zoonotic diseases prevention, control and eradication.

Reference :

https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/role-of-the-veterinarians-and-one-health-approach-in-the-fight-against-zoonoses/