Shrimp Waste: An Untapped Resource for Enhancing Livestock Nutrition
1Kiran Shinde, 2Suhana Parvin Muquit, 3Bhupender.
1Animal Nutrition Division 2Physiology & Climatology Division, 3Livestock production and management Section.
ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly.
Abstract
Shrimp, a widely consumed crustacean, yields significant waste in the form of shells and heads after harvesting, amounting to about 70% of total shrimp landings globally. Despite being discarded, these byproducts are rich in protein and chitin, making them valuable resources for various applications, notably in animal feed. This surplus of shrimp waste offers a low-cost source of protein for feed production, which can effectively replace traditional ingredients like fish meal and soybean meal in animal feed. Consequently, utilizing shrimp waste in feed formulations helps reduce production costs in animal feed. Crustacean aquaculture stands as the largest seafood production sector globally, catering to the demand for protein-rich food. Shrimp products, renowned for their delicacy and nutritional value, are consumed worldwide, with demand steadily increasing each year. In 2020, global shrimp production reached 5.03 million tons, and it is projected to grow to 7.28 million tons by 2025, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% from 2020 to 2025. Asia, particularly, contributes significantly to shrimp farming, accounting for over eighty percent of the global shrimp production. (IMARC,2020).
(Keywords: Shrimp waste, Chitin, Aquaculture, Low-cost feed)
- Introduction
India With its extensive coastal line (7,500 kilometers), and favorable climate make it ideal for shrimp farming so India is emerging as a significant player in the global shrimp industry. This vast coastline provides abundant opportunities for shrimp farming and processing activities, generates over 1.25 lakh tons of head and shell waste annually. (ministry of agriculture & farmers welfare, GOI) This substantial waste stream presents an opportunity for India to harness the protein and chitin content for various applications, including animal feed. By tapping into this resource, India can further enhance its position in the global shrimp market while contributing to the sustainability of aquaculture practices.
- Nutritional Composition of Shrimp Waste
Shrimp waste is rich in protein, chitin, minerals, and vitamins, making it a valuable ingredient for animal feed formulations. Incorporating shrimp waste into animal feed can not only enhance nutrition but also reduce the environmental footprint of the shrimp processing industry.
Nutritional Composition of Shrimp Waste on Dry matter basis
| Moisture | 4.4% |
| Protein | 40-46% |
| Lipid | 9.8% |
| Chitin | 14.3% |
| Ash | 26.1 |
- Bioactive ingredients present in shrimp
Shrimp contains various bioactive ingredients that have garnered attention for their potential uses in animal feed. These include protein/peptides, chitin/chitosan pigments enzymes lipids, minerals and vitamins. The amounts of each constituent depend on the sources and processing conditions. generally Biochemical content of shrimp waste revealed the presence of 10-40 % protein, 15-46% 168 chitin, 30-60% minerals, and 10-40% lipids.
- Chitin and chitosan
Chitin is a polysaccharide biopolymer of β-1,4-N-acetyl glucosamine and chitosan is a deacetylated polymer 180 form of chitin. The chitin content in shrimp waste varies from 14-30 % of dry basis, depending on the extraction method. Chitin and chitosan exhibit bioactivity through antimicrobial properties wound healing acceleration and immune modulation. They are widely utilized in medical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications due to their versatility and effectiveness in promoting health and combating diseases.
- Pigments
The pigment present in shrimp waste is primarily astaxanthin i.e.75-95% of total pigment (. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment responsible for the reddish-orange coloration found in shrimp shells and other crustaceans. It serves as a potent antioxidant and has various potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory properties and support for eye health. Astaxanthin is often extracted from shrimp waste for use in supplements, food coloring, and cosmetic products.
- Protein hydrolysate
Protein hydrolysates or peptides from shrimp waste are proven to be safe and effective compounds to control high blood pressure issue. Which inhibit the activity of Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). which is play crucial role in regulation of the blood pressure.
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Shrimp waste is important source of highly unsaturated ω- 3 fatty acids such as eicosa-pentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) followed by oleic (C18:1n9c), palmitic (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6c). PUFAs play a crucial role in the maintenance of cardiovascular health, nervous system function, reproductive performance of animals, and overall well-being.
- Alpha tocopherol
Alpha tocopherol is an also an active form of vitamin E which have significant impact on the antioxidant status, muscular strength and reproductive performance of animal Tocopherol content of the shrimp waste varied with different types or species, age, sex, shrimp waste part and the type of extraction process. Tocopherol level found in brown shrimp meat and fermented shrimp waste is 7.73 and 50.5 mg/100 g, respectively.
- Utilization of shrimp waste in animal feed
Shrimp meal, derived from ground, dried shrimp waste including whole shrimps and parts like heads and shells, serves as a high-protein ingredient in animal feeds, notably for poultry, aquaculture, and ruminants. Despite the presence of chitin, which can hinder digestibility, processing methods can enhance its nutritional value. It provides essential amino acids and minerals, contributing to the overall nutrition and flavor profile of animal diets. Notably, shrimp-derived chitosan, when included at 2% of the diet for bulls and lactating dairy cows, has been shown to decrease methane emissions and positively affect rumen fermentation without impacting feed intake or milk production, highlighting its potential for both nutritional and environmental benefits.
- Conclusion
The utilization of shrimp waste in animal feed presents a valuable opportunity to reduce production costs and enhance sustainability in the shrimp industry. Rich in protein and bioactive ingredients, shrimp waste can effectively replace traditional feed ingredients while providing numerous health benefits. This approach also mitigates environmental challenges associated with shrimp processing waste. Overall, using shrimp waste promotes resource efficiency and supports sustainable aquaculture practices.
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