SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE WITH ALLOPATHIC AND ETHNO-VETERINARY MEDICINE

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE WITH ALLOPATHIC AND ETHNO-VETERINARY MEDICINE

Ankit Kumar¹, Dharya Yadav²

¹ Internee B.V.Sc. Student, Veterinary College and research Institute, Namakkal

² Third Year B.V.Sc. Student, Veterinary College and research Institute, Namakkal

Email id : ankitaiims357@gmail.com

Mobile no. : 8292265530

 

ABSTRACT :

This paper reports a successful clinical management of lumpy skin disease in a cow . A farmer came with complaint of nodular eruptions on different parts of body in a two months pregnant cow ( local breed) . A thorough physical examination revealed that the cow was febrile with rectal body temperature of 40.6⁰ C and had small to large sized circumscribed nodules on different body parts and the neck area in particular. Besides there was swelling on both hind limbs and lameness, swelling of both pre- scapular and pre- femoral lymph nodes. Based on history, clinical findings case was diagnosed as Lumpy Skin Disease .The case was managed with combination therapy and cow recovered uneventfully .

INTRODUCTION :

 Origin

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a notifiable disease, according to World Animal Health Organization (OIE), because of its rapid spread and economic losses. Historically, LSD has remained confined to Africa, where it was first noted in Zambia in 1929, and some parts of West Asia. The disease spread to seven countries by the end of 2020 — reaching China and India in August 2019. India observed the first case of LSD in year (2019) in five districts of Odisha (Sudhakar et al., 2020). Susceptibility to the disease is more among cattle with compromised immune systems. Stray cattle pose a high risk problem because they are comparatively weaker and have low immunity in general.

What is Lumpy Skin Disease ?

Lumpy skin disease is an infectious viral disease of cattle. The disease is characterized by high fever and enlarged superficial lymph nodes on the skin and multiple nodules or lumps on the skin.It is transmitted by blood-sucking insects, such as certain species of flies, mosquitoes and ticks. LSD is a highly host-specific disease.Morbidity rate is higher in Cattle than Buffalo. It affects calves and heifers more as compared to adult animal in the case of cattle.

Causative agents

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral infection caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the capripox virus genus in the poxviridae family. LSD virus is identical to sheep pox virus (SPV), and goat pox viruses (GPV) .

Transmission

The virus transmission occurs through the movement of animals or unrestricted movement. Infected animals excrete viruses in saliva as well as in nasal and ocular discharges.  The virus primarily transmitted by arthropod vectors like common biting flies (Stomoxys), mosquitoes (Aedes and Culex) and some ticks (Rhiphicephalus and Ambylomma hebraem) are mainly responsible for its spread. Monsoon months causes faster spread of the disease. Natural mating and artificial insemination can also spread the disease. Suckling calves can get infection from milk and from skin nodules in teat. LSDV remains viable in infected tissue of animals for around 4 months.

Symptoms of LSD

The symptoms of the disease are not restricted to the mere appearance of skin nodules. In most of the cases, diseased animals are experienced severe pain, limbs swelling, loss of appetite and fever along with ocular and nasal discharge. Enlarged lymph nodes mainly pre-scapular and pre femoral lymph node.The disease affects mainly the legs of cattle, which get swollen, followed by high fever (>104ºF) which may persists for a week. Size of lesion varies from 1 to 6 cm diameter. The number of lesions varies from few in mild cases to multiple in severe cases. Predilection sites are skin of the head, neck, perineum, udder ,teat and limbs. Some nodules may open up like a deep wound in the skin.  Unilateral or bilateral blindness may occurs in severe cases due to ulcerative lesions in cornea. Secondary bacterial infection in joints and legs leads to lameness. On post mortem examination, pock lesions can be found on the entire digestive and respiratory tract.  Pregnant cows may abort.

Affected cow with skin lesion covering the entire body

DIAGNOSIS

1. Field Diagnosis

• Contagious disease with diffuse skin multiple nodules.
• Necrosis of inverted skin nodules.
• Persistent fever, emaciation, cachexia  and low mortality.

2. Laboratory Diagnosis
   • Necropsy Finding and Histology –

1. a) Enlarge superficial lymph nodes etc.
2. b) Histopathology, a granulomatous reaction in the dermis and hypodermis
3. c) In acute stages, there are intracellular, eosinophilic inclusion bodies. 

• Identification of the Agent –

1. Virus isolation from cell culture
2. Electron microscopy
3. Fluorescent antibody tests ( FAT )
4. Agar gel Immunodiffusion ( AGID )
5. Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay ( ELISA )
6. Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) – highly sensitive and specific .

• Serological tests –

1. Virus neutralization
2. Agar gel immunodiffusion
3. Indirect Fluorescent antibody test ( IFAT )
4. Enzyme – linked Immunosorbent assay
5. Western blot analysis (highly sensitive and specific, expensive).

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Many diseases show similar signs as that of lumpy skin disease. LSD should be differentiated with many diseases like Pseudo-lumpy-skin disease, Bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease, Demodicosis (Demodex), Bovine malignant catarrhal fever, Rinderpest,  Oncocercariasis, Insect bite allergies, Pseudo cowpox, Photosensitization, Urticaria.

THERAPEUTIC MEASURES

There is no prescribed medicine for LSD. However; symptomatic treatment of infected animals may be done to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Affected animals can be managed/ cured with commercially available antipyretics like meloxicam, ketoprofen, etc.  If fever persists or the animal shows nasal discharge, antibiotics like ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, sulphonamides etc. can be administered to check secondary infection. Administration of anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine can be done. Application of antiseptic ointments with fly-repellent properties can also be used on nodules. Neem leaves feeding and producing smoke on burning neem leaves may be used .

Ethno-veterinary Medicine

Ethno-veterinary medicine is a practice of using the active compounds in the medicinal plants as treatment for diseases. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) suggested few of the effective oral and topical ethno-veterinary formulation to treat the disease is mentioned here.

Ingredients	Quantity
Betel leaves	10 nos.
Black pepper	10 nos.
Clove	15 nos.
Jaggery	As per requirement

1.Oral treatment for the first 3 days of infection

• Make paste after proper grinding of above ingredients and smear it on the tongue.
• Each dose to be prepared freshly.

 2.) Topical Treatment for open wound

Ingredients	Quantity
Betel leaves	5 nos.
Small onion	2 nos.
Turmeric powder	10 grams
Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi)	1 hand full
Neem leaves	1 hand full
Garlic	2 nos.
Coriander leaves , Cumin seeds, Clove leaves & Black pepper	15 grams each

 

• Grind the above ingredients well, mix them up with jaggery.
• Feed the paste to animal in 3 times a day.

Topical treatment for open wound

Ingredient	Quantity
Garlic tooth	10 nos.
Neem leaves	One hand full
Tulsi	One hand full
Turmeric powder	10 grams
Heena leaves	One hand full
Kuppi	One hand full
Coconut oil	500 ml

• Grind above ingredients and boil them in 500ml coconut oil.
• Apply on wound.
• Camphorated coconut oil is very effective if maggots are there in wound

Recovered animal

MEASURES FOR PREVENTION OF DISEASE

• Control of animal movement (affected and non – affected)
• Restriction of affected person dealing with LSD affected animal.
• Bio security measures
• Hygiene and sanitary measures
• Immunisation measures

Conclusion

Lumpy skin disease is not a normal  viral outbreak . The disease induces weight loss , reduced milk production , draft power loss , motility, market instability , infertility , abortion, culling, and hide quality losses. A coordinated effort is needed in all direction for effective control of the disease. LSD outbreak control strategies include mass awareness of LSD restriction of animal movement , isolation, monitoring, cleaning and disinfection of the premises. Preventive vaccination in mission mode should also be undertaken in high risk areas and affected animal should be identified and documented.

Reference:

1.Indian Veterinary Research Institute http://www.ivri.nic.in/News/ News16092022.pdf

2.K.A. Al-Salihi (2014) Lumby Skin Disease : Review of Literature. Mirror of Research in Veterinary Science and Animals (MRSVA) 3(3) : 6-23.

3.Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle in Odisha state, India in August 2019: Epidemiological features and molecular studies by Sudhakar et al. in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases journal, 67(6):2408-22. (2020)

4. Lumpy skin disease: Review of literature by Al-Salihi & Karima in Mirror of research in veterinary sciences and animals 3(3) 6-23. (2014)

5.National Dairy Development Board, Anand (www.nddb.coop)

6.Risk Assessment report on Lumpy Skin Disease by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

7.Various SAU’s & KVKs under ICAR-ATARI Zone I Ludhiana

8.World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (https://www.woah.org/ en/home/)

9. Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, Gruenberg W (2017) Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats. Elsevier, UK, p: 1591.
10. OIE (2010) World Organization for Animal Health. Lumpy Skin Disease. OIE terresterial manual. Accessed on August 14, 2017.

11.Menasherow, S., Rubinstein-Giuni, M., Kovtunenko, A., Eyngor, Y., Fridgut, O., Roten berg, D., Khinich, Y. & Stram, Y. 2014. Development of an assay to differentiate between virulent and vaccine strains of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). J. Virol. Methods, 199: 95–101.

12.OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) (2016). Lumpy skin disease. OIE Manual of Diagnos tic Tests Vaccines Terr. Animals,1–14. Availableat:http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.04.13_LSD.pdf .

A Mini Review on Diagnosis and Treatment of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) Menace in Cattle in India