SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES IN LIVESTOCK FEEDING: UTILIZATION OF FRUIT WASTES

SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES IN LIVESTOCK FEEDING: UTILIZATION OF FRUIT WASTES

Shikha Saini¹, Ritu², Mamta Meena^3* and Jyoti Saini ⁴

¹Ph.D Scholar, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, Haryana.

²Ph.D Scholar, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, Haryana.

^3*Corresponding Author: Ph.D Scholar, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P.

⁴Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Punjab, India.

 Introduction

• Livestock play an integral role in the livelihood of poor farmers by providing economic, social and food security.
• In 2050, the world may need 109 % more meat and 116 % more milk. To meet this demand, huge quantity of feed resources will be required.
• Already, there is a considerable shortage of feed availability in most developing countries in India a shortage of 25, 159 and 117 million tonnes of concentrates, green forages and crop residues, constituting respectively.
• A strong shift (cereals to fruits) in this direction has already been observed in north India, for example. This change has resulted in generation of huge quantities of fruit and vegetable byproducts and wastes.

FRUIT WASTES AS LIVESTOCK FEED:

Apple (Malus domestica)

• 30–40 percent of apples are damaged.
• 20–40 percent apples are processed for juice extraction.
• Apple pomace, could be used as a livestock feed.

Ruminants:

• ME-1.86 Mcal /kg DM and NE- 1.06−1.12 Mcal /kg DM for lactating dairy cows.

Non-ruminants:

• ME -2.6−2.8 Mcal/kg DM.
• Better performance of broilers fed on apple pomace diets supplemented with a commercial enzyme preparation (α-amylase, hemicellulase, protease and β-glucanase).

  Antioxidant property:

Banana (Musa acuminata)

• Whole, fresh banana leaves, stalks and pseudo stems.
• Ruminants: (digestibility) pseudo stems >leaves.
• Fresh banana foliage up to 15 % dried foliage ensiled with dried broiler litter in a 40:60 ratio and rehydrated with either molasses or whey.

• Non-ruminants: Banana leaf meal -15 % in the diet of growing pigs.
• Rabbits – 40 %
• Dry leaves were more effective with respect to increase in weight gain.

Banana peels

• Constitutes 30 % of fresh banana by weight.
• Rich in trace elements. Green peels have approximately 15% starch, ripened peel has approximately 30% free sugars.
• Immature fruits contain tannins which are degraded after ripening by polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases.

Citrus fruits

• Citrus pulp – 50−70 % (60−65% peel, 30−35 % internal tissues and up to 10 % seeds).
• Citrus pulp (oranges (60 percent), grapefruits and lemons).
• Adult crossbred cattle can consume 50−60 kg fresh citrus pulp daily.
• Perishable (54 % water soluble sugars), lime should be added while drying.
• 10−40% soluble fibre (pectins), 1−2% calcium due to the addition of lime and 0.1% phosphorus.

Ruminants: Cereal substitute in concentrate diets due to its high OM digestibility (85−90%) and energy availability (2.76−2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM and 1.66−1.76 Mcal NE/kg DM) for lactating dairy cows.

• Its energy is based on soluble carbohydrates and digestible fibre.
• Citrus pectins acetic acid.
• High fibre content produces large quantities of saliva.
• Dried citrus pulp can replace 20 % concentrate in dairy cattle and up to 30 % in lactating ewes.

Limitations:-

• At >40%, it lowered palatability and overall performance with ruminal parakeratosis.
• Non-ruminants– much less valuable to pigs and poultry due to the fibre content and to the presence of limonin in the seeds, which is toxic to monogastrics.

MAXIMUM TOLERANCE LIMIT IN DIFFERENT SPECIES-

• 5% in the diet of growing pig.
• 20% and 15% in the diet of pregnant and lactating ewes respectively.
• In rabbits 20−30 % levels.
• In poultry, should not exceed 5−10%
• Ensiled citrus pulp
• Before ensiling, the fresh citrus pulp should be mixed either with grass, hay, sugarcane bagasse or cereal straw in order to increase DM content.
• Ruminants: A silage mixture containing 70 % fresh citrus pulp, lead to increase in fat content (6.85 vs. 5.85 percent) when offered to primiparous dairy ewes in late lactation.
• Non-ruminants: 5−10 percent in the diet of growing pigs. Pigs offered citrus pulp showed significantly lower Enterobacteria counts in faeces.
• Increasing the amount of fermentable fibre in the diet produces lactic acid and VFA’s       inhibits Escherichia coli and Salmonella

Citrus molasses

• A thick, viscous dark brown to almost black liquid, bitter taste due to the presence of naringin a flavonoid.
• Composition- 60−65% sugars and 4−5 % CP.
• Ruminants: Cattle can consume up to 3 kg/day when offered ad libitum.
• Non-ruminants: it can subsequently replace 10−40 % of maize depending on the age of the pig.

Mango (Mangifera indica)

• Edible pulp – 33–85 % of the fresh fruit, peel (7-24%) & kernel (9-40%) on a fresh wt. basis.
• By-products/wastes -cull fruits, mango kernel meal and mango peels.
• Antinutritional factors: Mango seed kernels are rich in tannins 64 mg/kg DM cyanogenic glucosides, 42 mg/kg DM oxalates and 20 TIU (trypsin inhibiting unit)/g DM trypsin inhibitors.
• Soaking in water is most suitable treatment. 

Mango peels

• Ruminants: Mango peels can be fed fresh, dried or ensiled, high sugar content (13.2%).
• Limitation: high moisture and acidity of fresh peels.
• Low protein content- source of nitrogen or protein is necessary to allow efficient utilization of the energy in the diet.
• Ensiled mango peels and rice straw had 60 % DM digestibility, which increased when Leucaena leaves were included in the diet.
• Non-ruminants: Dried mango peels up to 10 percent in the diet of finishing pigs.

 Pineapple

• Pineapple (Ananas comosus) – skins, crowns, and waste from fresh trimmings, pomace after extracting the juice.
• Pineapple bran -can be fed either fresh, ensiled or after drying to the animals.
• Raw pineapple waste (on DM basis) contains 4−8% CP, 60−72 % NDF, 40−75% soluble sugars & pectin.
• Poor in minerals -supplemented with protein and minerals in order to prevent detrimental effects on productivity and health.
• Ruminants: replace the roughage portion.
• Pineapple wastes are highly palatable and digestible (73−75 percent OM digestibility) in cattle, sheep and goats.
• Ensiled pineapple waste fed to steers up to 70 percent of the diet with a protein supplement and 2.5 kg fresh forage resulted in high daily weight gains (1 kg/day) and also decreased the cost of feeding.
• Non ruminants: Pigs did not relish dried pineapple bran offered ad libitum in the ration. The high crude fibre (CF) content (20 percent) limits its use in pigs of <27 kg BW.
• In chicks it should not exceed 15%.

Maximum tolerance limit:

Conclusion

• New unconventional alternate feed resources.
• In India, approximately 1.81, million tonnes of fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW) are generated.
• Disposed either by composting or dumping in the landfills/rivers.
• Such unconventional resources can act as an excellent source of nutrients and help to fill the gap between demand and supply of feedstuffs for livestock.
• Reduction of cost.

How to Utilise   Fruits and Vegetables  Scraps / Wastes as Livestock Feed and other Value-Added products : Prospects and Challenges 

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