THE USE OF NON-CONVENTIONAL FEED RESOURCES (NCFR)- MANGO KERNEL & SAL SEED MEAL FOR LIVESTOCK FEEDING IN INDIA
Post no-1334 Dt-26/07/2019
Compiled & shared by-DR RAJESH KUMAR SINGH, JAMSHEDPUR, JHARKHAND,INDIA
9431309542,rajeshsinghvet@gmail.com
The rising prices of major constituents Maize & shortage of feed resources for livestock and poultry feeding diverted majority of research in the field of animal nutrition to look into possibilities to overcome this nutritional crisis. A possible and perhaps the most viable proposition could be the inclusion of non-conventional feed resources in livestock rations with suitable and complete feed technology that can utilize the feed sources with maximum efficiency. It is known that some of these products are low in energy, proteins and contain high concentrations of lignin, silica and several anti- nutritional substances. Numerous multipurpose browse plants and leaf meals have been identified as having significant potential in agro-forestry systems in the tropics. Protein from plant leaf sources is perhaps the most naturally abundant and cheapest source of protein, such that there has been growing realization in use of plant leaf meals in livestock diets. Such non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) like Mango Kernel & Sal Seed Meal has been discussed in this article.In most part of India there is plenty of availability of mango and sal seed ,so it can be better utilise in livestock ration.
Quality/Characteristics of NCFR According to reports (FAO, 1985), non-conventional feed resources like conventional feed resources have several characteristics worthy of note———
a) They are the end products of production processes and consumption that have not been used, recycled or salvaged. b) They are mostly of organic origin and can be obtained either in a solid, slurry or liquid form. c) The economic value of these non-conventional feed resources is usually less than the cost of their collection and transformation for use and consequently, they are discharged as wastes. d) Feed crops which generate valuable NCFR are usually excellent sources of fermentable nutrient molecules such as cassava and sweet potato and this is an advantage to livestock especially ruminants due to their ability to utilize inorganic nitrogen and non-protein nitrogenous sources. e) Fruit wastes such as banana rejects and pineapple pulp by comparison have sugars which are energetically beneficial. f) The majority of feeds of crop origin are bulky poor-quality cellulosic roughages with high crude fiber and low nitrogenous content which are suitable for feeding mostly ruminants. g) Some of these feeds contain anti-nutritional components which have deleterious effects on the animals and not enough is known about the nature of the activity of these components and ways of alleviating their effects. h) Non-conventional feed resources have considerable potential as feed materials and for some; their value can be increased if there were economically viable technological means for converting them into some useable products. i) Substantial information is required on chemical composition, nutritive value, the presence of anti-nutritional components and value in feeding systems.
Constraints to the uses of non-conventional feed resources———
Non-conventional feed resources are presently underutilized and there are several reasons for this. • Production is usually scattered and in some cases, the quality produced is low especially for use in processing of feed. • Sometimes cost of collection can be unusually high, for example, rubber seeds. • Processing of NCFR is usually difficult and can be problematic in certain cases. • Lack of managerial and technical skills in the utilization of such feeds in situ. • Limitation in the end uses of the products produced. • The uncertainty about the marketability of the end products. • Small farmers who form the backbone of traditional agriculture in tropical regions have neither the resources and know-how nor the quantity of residues to make any individual impact (Devendra, 1983). • The availability in terms of time, location, seasonality and storage. • Low nutritive value • High moisture content • Presence of anti-nutritional factors •Lipid peroxidation (rancidity of high fat products) • Mould growth such as aflatoxin which may cause toxicity.
MANGO KERNEL———————-
Mango seed kernels are by-products of mangoes (Mangifera indica L) used for human consumption. It comprises the seeds and kernels and possibly also the skins. In countri_es such as in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh where mangoes are abundant, these by-products are also available in quite large quantities. India alone produces an estimated 1.0 – 1.5 million tons of the by-products. But the feed is dispersed throughout the country and collection presents problems. Recent work has reported that a 10% level of inclusion is optimum for dairy cattle which produced a dai,ly milk yield of 8 kg/day (Aun, Rpt., ICAR, 1983). Early work by Kehar and Chandra (1945) indicated that mango seed kernel had a DCP content of 6.1% and a TDN content of 50.0%. Feeding trials with Kankrej calves and Surti buffalo calves for 12 weeks indicated that the optimum level of incorporation in concentrate diets was 20% (Patel, Shukla and Patel, 1971). With working bullocks, Patel, Patel, and Talapada (1972) found a 40% level to be satisfactory. A concentrate mixture made up of tomato waste, mango seed kernels and Cassia tora seed in the ratio 4:3:2 yielded live weight gains at reduced feed costs (Patel and Patel, 1971) One limiting factor in this feed is the presence of about 5 – 10% of tannins.
Mango (Mangifera indica) fruit and by-products
Common names – Mango [English]
• Mango fruits, cull mango fruits
• Mango peels, mango peelings, mango peel meal
• Mango seeds, mango pits, mango stones, mango seed meal
• Mango kernels, mango seed kernels
• Mango kernel meal, mango seed kernel meal
• Deoiled mango kernel meal, defatted mango kernel meal, deoiled mango seed meal
• Mango by-products, mango waste
Species
Mangifera indica L. [Anacardiaceae]
Feed categories
• Fruits and by-products
• Plant products and by-products
Related feed(s)
• Mango (Mangifera indica) forage
Description
Mangos are the most important tropical fruit crop after bananas and plantains (FAO, 2011). The mango fruit is a large fleshy drupe, highly variable in size, shape, colour and taste, weighing up to 1 kg in some cultivars. There are more than 1000 mango cultivars. Green when unripe, after 3 to 6 months the fruit turns orange-reddish as it ripens. The fruit consists of a woody endocarp (pit), a resinous edible mesocarp (flesh) and a thick exocarp (peel). The majority of mango production is consumed fresh and about 1-2% of the production is processed to make products such as juices, nectars, concentrates, jams, jelly powders, fruit bars, flakes and dried fruits (Berardini et al., 2005; Jedele et al., 2003). Mango varieties too fibrous or too soft for fresh consumption can be used for juice making (Hui, 2007).
Mango processing yields about 40-50% of by-products, which can be used to feed livestock (de la Cruz Medina et al., 2002; Sruamsiri et al., 2009). These by-products are also potential sources of pectins and phenolic compounds (antioxydants) (Berardini et al., 2005). The mango kernel contains 7-12% of an oil rich in stearic (24-57%) and oleic (34-56%) acids that can be fractionated to give an olein with excellent emollient properties and a stearin that is one of the few fats that can replace cocoa butter in chocolate in certain countries (including the European Union) (Gunstone, 2006; Schieber et al., 2001).
Mango by-products include:
• Cull fruits: fresh fruits unsuitable for human consumption.
• Mango seeds (pits, stones): the seed represents from 20% to 60% of the whole fruit weight, depending on the mango variety. Ground mango seeds are also known as mango seed meal.
• Mango seed kernels (mango kernels): the kernel inside the seed represents from 45% to 75% of the whole seed (Maisuthisakul et al., 2009). Ground mango kernels are also known as mango kernel meal.
• Deoiled mango kernel meal (deoiled mango seed kernel meal) is the by-product of the extraction of mango oil from the kernels. This product contains only residual oil, unlike mango kernels or seeds.
• Mango peels: the peels represent from 7% to 24% of the whole fruit weight (Berardini et al., 2005).
• Mango waste: mango processing units yield mango wastes made of variable proportions of peels, pulp, seeds and cull fruits.
Note: mango by-products are sometimes named incorrectly.
• Mango seeds are sometimes called kernels: the crude fibre or ADF content of actual mango kernels (dehulled seeds) should be lower than 5% DM.
• Mango seeds and kernels typically contain more than 10% DM of oil. A mango seed or kernel meal with a low oil content is a by-product of mango oil extraction.
Distribution
The mango tree originated from South-East Asia and is now widespread in tropical and subtropical areas between 30°N and 25°S, from sea level up to an altitude of 1200 m. Optimal growth conditions are average day temperatures ranging between 24 and 30°C, annual rainfall between 750 and 2500 mm with a marked dry period for fruit induction, full-sun exposure on deep, well-drained and poor soils with soil pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5. Mango trees are tolerant of drought or flooding conditions. In the subtropics, they can survive frost but young shoots and flowers are killed at temperatures between 4° and 12°C. Fruit production will be hampered if frost comes late in the season. Mangos will not stand acidic or saline soils (Orwa et al., 2009; Sukonthasing et al., 1991).
Mango production in 2010 was 39 million t (including mangosteens and guava). 80% of the world production came from India (40%), China (11%), Thailand, Pakistan, Mexico, Indonesia, Brazil, the Philippines, Bangladesh and Nigeria. Most mangoes are consumed locally and only 3% of the production is exported, the main exporters being India and Mexico. Due to the increasing popularity of the fruit in Europe and North America, mango production doubled between 1990 and 2009 and exports saw an eight-fold increase during that period (FAO, 2011; Jedele et al., 2003).
Processes
Fresh fruits
Fresh mangoes spoil rapidly, and several methods for ensiling them have been proposed. In one method, immature fruits are sliced and ensiled with 1% salt in 1.5 m3 pits lined with large leaves. The pits are then tightly covered with leaves and soil (Göhl, 1982). In another method, mangoes are cut into 1.5 cm slices and ensiled for 30 days with maize stover, molasses and urea (Aguilera et al., 1997).
Mango pits and kernels
Mango pits and mango kernels should be soaked and dried (down to 10% moisture) to remove tannins before being fed to livestock (Morton, 1987).
Mango peels
Solid state fermentation with Aspergillus niger has been tested to increase the protein content of mango peels (de la Cruz Medina et al., 2002).
SAL SEED MEAL————————————–
Sal seed meal is a by-product from Sal (Shorea robusta), and is of considerable interest currently in India. Recent estimates suggest that there exists in India, about 175,000 sq. km of land under sal, which has a potential yield of about 6 million tonnes of sal seed kernel. Sal seeds have a valuable oil content, and the residual meal is therefore free from most of the fat. At present about 40,000 to 50,000 tonnes of sal seed is being processed. The meal has about 10 to 15% crude protein and about 25 to 27% crude fibre. The tannin content appears to be variable, 3.5 to 4.0% (Panda, et al., 1969) and 7.6% (Kumar, et al., 1970). Verma (1970) determined an ME value of 11.10 MJ/kg. Négi (1982) has reviewed the use of the feed in livestock rations and has concluded that it is comparable to that of poor quality roughages.
(a) Cattle
Considerable work has been done in India on the utilization of sal seed cake by various types of farm animais. Kumar et al., (1970) found that the intake of dry matter of bullocks fed ragi straw ad libitum and sal seed meal was 1.1/100.0 kg live weight, giving a TDN value of 4.1% for the meal. The authors also noted that the urine of these animais had flaky sediments. Nagpaul, Verman and Chawla (1973) included up to 50% of the meal in diets for bull and buffalo calves and found no marked differences in the digestibility of the proximate principles. Kurar and Mudgal (1972) included 10,20 and 30% sal seed meal plus 2% biuret in diets for growing heifers and concluded that up to 30% of the meal plus 2% biuret gave optimum growth and utilization in growing heifers. Shukla and Talapada (1973) fed Kankrej bullocks given hay ad libitum and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with a concentrate mixture having 0, 20, 30 and 100% of sal seed meal. The bullocks receiving 100% meal lost 14 kg in 60 days. They concluded that up to 40% meal is optimum in the diet of adult bullocks. A high incidence of indigestion was noted in dairy cows when sal seed meal replaced rice bran (Dash and Misra, 1972). Robb (1976) has reported data on the digestibility of sal seed meal relative to barley and found that the protein digestibility was negative. It has been suggested that this may have been due to the presence of tannins, which may have formed complexes with proteins in the meal to give the negative digestibility. Ahmad and Reddy (1979) have reported that supplementation of 0,5, 10 and 15% sal seed meal in concentrate diets for growing heifers gave no significant effect on growth performance. However, there was a decreasing trend in live weight gain
when the meal was increased from 10 to 15%. This result is consistent with the more recort eindings that the inclusion of 10% sal seed meal in dairy cattle diets produced a yield of 7.5 kg/day (Ann. Rpt., I.C.A.R., 1983).
(b) Buffaloes
The feeding value of 3% untreated sal seed meal and 0.1% N NaOH treated sal seed meal in a concentrate mixture (isocaloric and isonitrogenous) has recently been evaluated when fed to lactating Murrah buffaloes. While voluntary feed intake was not affected, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract digestibility, feed utilization and milk production were all favoured by treatment with the sal seed meal with 0.1% N NaOH (Singh and Arora, 1981).
(c) Chicks
Panda et al., (1975) replaced maize by sal seed meal in chick diets at levels varying between 2.25 to 45%, and found an inverse relationship between sal seed meal level and body weight attained by the chicks. Nayak, Tripathi and Mohanty (1967) substituted 2.4 to 5% of the maize with sal seed meal to feed chicks up to eight weeks.of age, while Saxena (1967) substituted 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the maize up to 5 weeks of age. The results from both trials indicated depression in growth rate compared to the control diets.
(d) Pigs
Limited studies have also been undertaken on the effect of feeding the meal to pigs. Murty, Joshi and Agarwal (1969) used a 20% level of sal seed meal to replace maize and noted reduced live weight gain, N and P balance. Agarwal (1971) reported a drastic drop in live weight gain when maize or ragi was replaced by deoiled sal seed meal. Pathak and Ranjhan (1973) replaced 20 and 40% levels of maize by sal seed meal and found comparable growth.performance. The concluded that during the finisher phase, the meal can be included to replace maize (Table 10).
The studies on both ruminants and non-ruminants fed with sale seed meal demonstrated that they are definite limitations in this feed. With non-ruminants, there appears to be a consistent depression in live weight gain. The problem is clearly associated with a high tannin content in the meal, which is variable. Panda et al., (1969) reported that 60% of the tannins can be removed either by boiling for 30 minutes or soaking the material for 24 hours in water. Gandhi et al., (1975) found that 50% of the tannins can be removed with 30% acetone and 0.1 N NaOH. Wah, Sharma
SAL (Seed and Resin)
Botanical Name : Shorea Robusta Gaertn.f.
Family : Dipterocarpaecae
Synonyms
English-Sal; Hindi & Beng- Sal, sakhu, shal; Mar. & Guj.-Ral,rala(resin); Tel.-Gugal,Guggilamu(resin); Tam.-Kungiliyam(resin); Kan.-Kabba(resin); Mal.-Mara-maram(resin); Oriya-Sal, sagua, salwa, sekwa; Punjab & Harayan- Sal, seral(resin); Lepcha-Taksal-kung; Assam-Sal, Diengblei, Hal-orang, Bolsal;
Description
A large sub-deciduous, free. Bark reddish brown. Fruits 10-15 mm long and 10 mm in diameter ovoid, reddish to pale brownish green in colour, one seeded with five wing like persistent sepals. Seed ovoid with unequal cotyledoms.
Parts Used
Sal Seed, Oil, DOC, Resin
Potential
The estimated potential availability of Sal Seed in India is 15 lakh tonnes. The potential of Sal Fat availability is around 1.80 lakh tonnes. However, only 6,000 to 9000 tons of Sal fat is being produced annually in India.
Uses of Oil
The oil is greenish white to whitish in colour. The oil is used locally for cooking and lighting and is said to be employed for adulterating ghee. It is suitable for soap making after blending with other softer oils. It is also suitable as a substitute for coco butter in the manufacture of chocolates.
Sal Oil Cake
It contains 10-12 per cent protein and about 50 per cent starch and can be used as cattle and poultry feed. Starch could be isolated from Sal Meal and used in various industries. Sal meal also contains 14% tannin consequently not more than 3% for chicks and 10% for laying hens and cattle is used in compound feeds. The detanning of Sal meal will provide tannins for leather industry which are presently imported as well as deoiled sal meal can be incorporated in cattle and poultry feed in large proportions.
Sal Resin
On tapping, the sal tree yields an oleoresin known as SAL DAMMAR Or BENGAL DAMMAR(Lal-dhuna, ral, dhup, guggal).
Large quantities of sal resin are produced in India and it forms one of the important resins of commerce. Sal demur is widely used as incense specially as an ingredient of Samagri which is burnt in religious ceremonies and cremation rites it emits copious white fumes. It is also used inferior quality paints and varnishes for caulking boats. It is also used for hardling softer waxes for use in the manufacture of shoe polishes, carbon paper, typewriter ribbon, plastering medium for walls and roofs and as a cementing material for plywood asbestors sheats etc.
The resin is used in indigenous system of medicine as an astringent and detergent and is given is diarrhea and dicentry.
Sal Resin Oil
(i) Sal Resin Oil on dry distillation yields
Oan essential oil, known as Chua oil. The oil is light brownish yellow in colour and has an agreeable incense-like odour.
Chaua oil is used as a fixative in heavy perfumes and for flavouring and chewing and smoking tabacco. It is used in medicine as an antiseptic for skin diseases and for ear troubles.
