Vaccination schedule for buffaloes is given below
| Infection | Manufacturer | Ingredients/adjuvant | Dose | Primary | Booster | Revaccination | |||
| FMD | |||||||||
| Bovilis®Clovax | Intervet India | Binary ethyleneimine (BEI) inactivated FMD mineral oil emulsion vaccine containing a mixture of virus serotypes O, A and Asia-1 | 2ml, i/m
(Vial: 100 ml) |
3 months onwards | I After 4-6 weeks of primary vaccination
II After 24 weeks of first booster |
Every 44-48 weeks after 2ndbooster vaccination | |||
| Raksha | Indian Immunologicals | Inactivated tissue culture FMD virus strains O, A and Asia-1 adsorbed on Al (OH)3gel and saponin as an adjuvant | 3 ml in the mid-neck region, s/c
(Vial: 30 ml) |
4 months | 2-4 weeks after primary vaccination | Every 6 months after booster and every 4 months in endemic areas | |||
| Raksha Ovac | -do- | Inactivated tissue culture FMD virus strains O, A, and Asia-1 adjuvanted with mineral oil | 2 ml in the mid-neck region, deep i/m | 4 months | 9 months after primary vaccination | Annually | |||
| Haemorrhagic Septicemia (Galghotu/Ghurrka) | |||||||||
| Raksha HS | Indian Immunologicals | Formaldehyde inactivated culture ofPasteurella multocidaadsorbed on aluminium hydroxide gel | 2 ml, mid-neck region, s/c
(Vial:100 ml) |
6 months and above | Annually and in adverse climatic conditions like unseasonal rains and cyclones, etc. | ||||
| Compound Vaccines of FMD/HS/BQ | |||||||||
| Raksha biovac
(FMD+HS) |
Indian Immunologicals | FMD inactivated antigens against O, A, and Asia-1 strains and formaldehyde inactivated Pasteurella multocida culture mixed together in light mineral oil emulsion | 3 ml, midneck, deep i/m
(Vial: 30 ml) |
4 months | 9 months | Annually | |||
| Raksha triovac
(FMD+HS+BQ) |
-do- | FMD inactivated antigens against O, A, Asia-1 and formaldehyde inactivated Pasteurella multocida culture, inactivated Clostridium chauvoei culture mixed together in light mineral oil emulsion | 3 ml, mid-neck, deep i/m
(Vial: 30 ml) |
4 months | 9 months | Annually | |||
| Raksha HS+BQ | -do- | Formaldehyde inactivated cultures of Pasteurella multocidaand Clostridium chauvoei adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide gel | 3 ml, mid-neck region, s/c
(Vial: 90 ml) |
6 months and above | Annually and in adverse climatic conditions like unseasonal rains and cyclones, etc. | ||||
| Brucellosis | |||||||||
| Bruvax | Indian Immunologicals | Live Brucella abortusstrain 19 freeze dried bacteria, each dose ≥ 40×109 organisms | 2 ml., s/c
(Vial: 5 dose freeze dried vaccine with 10 ml sterile diluent) |
4-8 months old serologically negative female calves | |||||
| Note:Only serologically negative female calves should be vaccinated with live B. abortus strain 19 while bulls and pregnant animals should not be vaccinated | |||||||||
| Depending upon prevalence in a given area, vaccination against following diseases may also be taken up Anthrax | |||||||||
| Raksha-Anthrax
(Prophylactic only) |
Indian Immunologicals | Suspension of live spores of attenuated non-capsulated strain of B. anthracis in 50% glycerinated saline, each dose ≥ 1×108 viable spores | 1 ml, i/m or s/c
(Vial: 50 ml) |
one month before grazing season or prior to the time the disease usually occurs | |||||
| Note: Protect animals from overexertion 3 days following vaccination. Do not vaccinate the animal 60 days before slaughter | |||||||||
| Sterne Vaccine | Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Tamil Nadu | **Live spores of highly antigenic nonencapsulated avirulent Sterne strain (34 F2) of B. anthracis in glycerine saline | 1 ml, s/c | Approx. 4 weeks prior to the time the disease usually appears | Revaccinate after 2-3 weeks in heavily contaminated areas | annual vaccination in endemic areas | |||
| Note: Use boiled milk from lactating animals up to 1 month after vaccination, do not vaccinate within 42 days before slaughter, do not give antibiotics to animals being vaccinated; burn, autoclave or chemically disinfect container and all unused contents; adrenalin should be administered immediately if anaphylactoid reaction occurs, immunity 6m-1year | |||||||||
| Rabies | |||||||||
| Raksharab, Prophylactic | Indian Immunologicals | ***Tissue culture rabies virus, CVS strain adjuvanted with Al(OH)3 adjuvant, antigen potency >2.5 IU/ml | 1 ml by s/c or i/m route
(Vial: 1 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml) |
3 m and above | In case primary vaccination is given below 3 months of age, a booster dose should be given at 3 months age | 3 years, annual vaccination recommended in endemic areas | |||
| Post-exposure therapy (PET) | I-Day Zero of dog bite or within 24 hrs, II-Day 3, III-Day 7, IV-Day 14, V- Day 28 and VI-Day 90 | ||||||||
| Note: Vaccinate only healthy animals; malnutrition, helminth infestation, administration of immunosuppressive agents like corticosteroids, radiation therapy, etc. will suppress immune response to vaccine; generally no adverse reactions are noticed, occasionally a transient, palpable nodule may occur at the site of injection; in rare cases hypersensitivity may occur, immediate treatment with antihistaminics is advocated | |||||||||
contributed by N. Rana and Sunesh
Deworming
The farmers in field usually do not follow any recommended schedule for deworming. Most of them resort to deworming only when the calf is off-feed or when worms are observed in the faeces. The farmers are required to understand the importance of deworming and follow a recommended schedule for same.
Three most common endoparasitic problems of buffalo calves are ascariasis, strongyloidosis coccidiosis and ectoparasites.
| Disease | Symptoms | Treatment |
| Ascariasis
|
The calves with ascariasis remain unthrifty and pass large load of worms in the faeces at periodic intervals. The calves may show convulsions and indigestion as main symptoms and normally pass foul smelling clay colored or watery feces. A characteristic butyric odour may also be detectable in their breath. | Piperazine compounds provide prophylaxis towards all the round worms effectively including Neoascaris. Piperazine hydrate (56.3% w/v) is administered right from day 3 @ 3-6 ml per 10 kg body weight.
Micronised albendazole powder 5-10 mg/kg bw per oral may also be given. Second dose is to be given after 21 days. For the first year repeat doses every two months but rotate drug every 2nd or 3rd dose. Thereafter, dosage is to be given thrice a year. Levamisole (7.5 mg/kg per oral) is another drug of choice. The treatment is repeated every month for first three months and thereafter every two months. |
| Strongyloidosis
|
Intermittent diarrhoea with blood and mucus is a common feature. Build-up of warm and moist areas should be prevented inside shed.
|
Thiabendazole, levamisole and other broad-spectrum anthelmintics are effective.
|
| Coccidiosis
|
There may be sudden onset of severe diarhoea with foul smelling, fluid feces containing mucus and blood. Blood may appear as dark tarry staining of feces or as streaks of clots, or the evacuation may consist entirely of large clots of fresh red blood. Perineum and tail are commonly smeared with blood stained feces. There is a characteristic severe straining and sometimes rectal prolapse may occur. | Amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 10 mg kg-1 and 140 mg kg-1respectively orally daily for 3-5 days are useful. Same drugs @ 5mg kg-1 and 35 mg kg-1 in feed for 15-20 days are good for prophylaxis. Coccidiosis treatment with sulpha drugs and other coccidiostats is required only when the fecal examination reveals presence of coccidia.
|
| Ectoparasites | Excitement, itching, irritation, abscesses on skin | Cypermethrin (100mg/lit) need to be sprayed on calves and in the paddock. The dosage for ticks, mites and lice is 1 ml/lit of water; for flies is 5 ml/lit of water and for animal housing is 20 ml/lit of water (5 lit of emulsion per 100 sq met surface). This should be sprayed thrice in a year. |
contributed by N. Rana and Sunesh
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