Veterinarians as a Keystone in Sustainable Development and Economy with Respect to India
Dr. Arushi Kanwar
PhD Scholar, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana
Email: arukanwwar15@gmail.com
Abstract: India’s livestock sector is a linchpin of its economy, contributing significantly to both GDP and agricultural output. This document explores the indispensable role veterinarians play in driving sustainable development and economic prosperity in the nation. Amidst a shortage of veterinarians and infrastructure challenges, these professionals are the cornerstones of food safety, animal welfare, public health, and environmental conservation.
The article elucidates how veterinarians ensure food security and quality, support animal health and welfare, safeguard public health, and contribute to environmental preservation. Real-world case studies illustrate their pivotal contributions, from revolutionizing dairy farming to preventing zoonotic diseases. In a dynamic economy, veterinarians also catalyse the growth of the pet industry.
Despite challenges such as a shortage of professionals and awareness gaps, veterinarians remain instrumental in India’s journey towards a sustainable and prosperous future. This document underscores the critical need for increased investment, awareness, and collaboration to empower these champions of progress.
Introduction
India ranks among the world’s leading producers of milk, meat, and eggs, and the livestock industry plays a substantial role in bolstering the nation’s economy. According to the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, the livestock sector contributes 4.11% to the GDP and 26% to the agricultural GDP of the country.
Veterinarians play a crucial role in sustainable development and economy in India. They contribute to food safety and security, animal health and welfare, and public health. Veterinarians also play a role in environmental protection and conservation. According to a report by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), there is a shortage of around 55,000 veterinarians in the country. The report also highlights the inadequate infrastructure, with only 31% of the veterinary hospitals and dispensaries having the required facilities for treating animals.
Veterinarians and food safety and security
India is the world’s second-largest producer of milk and meat. Veterinarians play a vital role in ensuring the safety and quality of these products. They work to prevent and control animal diseases, which can have a devastating impact on livestock production and human health. Veterinarians also promote good animal husbandry practices, which help to ensure that animals are healthy and productive. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has implemented more rigorous inspections and quality control measures to ensure that food products meet the necessary safety standards of global level.
Veterinarians and animal health and welfare
Veterinarians are responsible for the health and welfare of all animals, including livestock, pets, and wildlife. They diagnose and treat animal diseases, perform surgery, and provide vaccinations and other preventive care. Veterinarians also work to promote animal welfare by advocating for humane animal treatment and promoting responsible pet ownership.
Veterinarians and public health
Veterinarians play an important role in public health by preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Veterinarians also work to promote food safety and prevent foodborne illness. Additionally, veterinarians play a role in disaster response and preparedness by helping to ensure the health and safety of animals and humans during natural disasters.
Veterinarians and environmental protection and conservation
Veterinarians play a role in environmental protection and conservation by working to prevent and control diseases that can affect wildlife. They also work to promote sustainable animal production practices and to protect livestock from environmental hazards. Additionally, veterinarians play a role in conservation by working to protect endangered species and to restore damaged ecosystems.
Veterinarians are essential to building a sustainable and healthy future for India. Various renowned vets have contributed immensely in livestock development as under:
- Bhambhu, a passionate environmental advocate, was honoured with the “People’s Padma” for his unwavering commitment to environmental preservation.
- Kushal Konwar Sarma, an expert in elephant care, has earned recognition for his exceptional work with a staggering 139 previously unruly captive elephants. His dedication to wildlife conservation is truly outstanding.
- Moti Lal Madan, a trailblazer in livestock research, received the esteemed Padma Shri in 2022. He led a groundbreaking team that achieved the world’s first successful in-vitro fertilization of a buffalo calf, marking a significant milestone in veterinary science.
- Inderjeet Singh’s dedication to veterinary medicine was acknowledged when he was bestowed with the prestigious “Distinguished Veterinarian of India” award by the Veterinary Council of India.
- Mirza Vaseem’s heroism in rescuing a wild elephant in Bandipur earned him the well-deserved Gaj Gaurav Award, further highlighting his commitment to wildlife welfare.
- Mahendra Pal, whose outstanding contributions to the field have set a high standard, was honored with the “Outstanding Veterinarian Award.”
- Bhaskar Choudhury’s unwavering dedication to wildlife rescue and rehabilitation earned him an accolade from the Association of Indian Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians, recognizing his significant impact on the conservation of India’s wildlife. (icarzcu3.gov.inn)
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland Report, 1987). It is about ensuring that economic growth, social development, and environmental protection are all considered in a balanced way.
Veterinarians play a vital role in sustainable development, particularly in countries like India with large livestock and poultry populations. By ensuring the health and well-being of animals, veterinarians can help to improve food security, nutrition, and livelihoods for millions of people. Additionally, veterinarians can play a key role in protecting public health and the environment.
Food security and nutrition
Livestock and poultry are a major source of food and nutrition in India, providing essential protein, vitamins, and minerals. Veterinarians play a critical role in ensuring the safety and quality of the food supply by preventing and treating animal diseases, and by promoting best practices in animal husbandry. Example: Veterinarians offer guidance to dairy farmers on proper nutrition and breeding practices, resulting in higher milk yields and increased incomes for farmers, contributing to sustainable dairy production.
Livelihoods
Livestock and poultry are also an important source of income and employment for millions of people in India. Veterinarians help to support these livelihoods by providing animal health care services, and by training farmers and other livestock keepers on best practices. Example: Vaccinating dogs against rabies to prevent the spread of the disease to humans, enhancing public health and community well-being.
Public health
Many animal diseases can be transmitted to humans, posing a serious threat to public health. Veterinarians play a vital role in preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases, such as rabies, brucellosis, and avian influenza.
One Health Initiatives: Veterinarians actively participate in One Health initiatives, which recognize the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. These initiatives address global health challenges, such as emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance, by promoting collaborative research and intervention strategies. Example: Collaborative efforts between veterinarians, medical professionals, and environmental scientists to study and address zoonotic diseases like COVID-19, with a focus on preventing future pandemics and promoting global sustainability.
Animal Welfare: Veterinarians advocate for and ensure the welfare of animals. Ethical and humane treatment of animals is a fundamental aspect of sustainable development. Example: Promoting and enforcing regulations and practices that ensure humane treatment of animals in agriculture, transportation, and research, contributing to the sustainable and ethical use of animals in various sectors by implementing Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) is a statutory body that was formed by the Indian Parliament in 1964. The CPCSEA’s role is to ensure that animals are not subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering.
Environment
Livestock production can have a significant impact on the environment, including through greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and deforestation. Veterinarians can help to reduce this impact by promoting sustainable livestock production practices, such as improved feed management and manure management.
In addition to the above, here are some specific examples of how veterinarians are contributing to sustainable development in India:
- Developing and promoting vaccines and other preventive measures to control animal diseases.
- Working with farmers to improve animal husbandry practices, such as feeding, housing, and breeding.
- Providing training and support to livestock keepers on sustainable livestock production practices.
- Conducting research on animal health and production, with a focus on sustainable solutions.
- Advocating for policies that support sustainable livestock production and animal welfare.
Veterinarians play a vital role in sustainable development in India, and their contributions are essential to ensuring a healthy and prosperous future for all.
Economy
Veterinarians also contribute significantly to the Indian economy. The livestock sector is one of the largest sectors of the Indian economy, accounting for about 4.11% of GDP in 2021-22 (Economic Survey of India, 2022-23). Veterinarians play a vital role in supporting the livestock sector by providing veterinary care, disease prevention, and other services.
Veterinarians play a vital role in the Indian economy, contributing to the agricultural sector, the pet industry, and public health.
Agriculture
India has the largest livestock population in the world, with over 500 million animals. These animals play a critical role in the Indian economy, providing food, milk, and draft power. Veterinarians play a vital role in keeping livestock healthy and productive. They diagnose and treat diseases, perform surgeries, and provide vaccinations. Veterinarians also work with farmers to develop and implement animal husbandry practices that improve the health and productivity of livestock.
According to the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), the veterinary sector contributes over Rs. 10 lakh crore to the Indian economy annually. This represents about 4% of India’s GDP. The sector also employs over 10 million people.
Pet Industry
The pet industry is another growing sector of the Indian economy. More and more Indians are choosing to keep pets as companions. This has led to a growing demand for veterinary services. Veterinarians provide routine care for pets, such as vaccinations, checkups, and dental cleaning. They also treat sick and injured pets.
The pet industry is estimated to be worth over Rs. 20,000 crore in India. The industry is growing at a rate of over 15% per year. This growth is being driven by the increasing urbanization and the rising disposable incomes of Indians. several big companies have recognized its potential and invested in various segments of this market like:
- Nestlé India: The Indian subsidiary of Nestlé, a global food and beverage conglomerate, has a significant presence in the pet care industry. They produce and market pet food under the brand “Nestlé Purina,” which includes brands like “Supercoat” and “Felix.”
- Mars Incorporated: Mars, a global food and pet care company, is known for its pet food brands such as “Pedigree” and “Whiskas.” They have a strong presence in the Indian market and have made investments in manufacturing facilities and marketing.
- Himalaya Wellness: Himalaya Wellness, a leading Indian herbal healthcare company, has expanded into the pet care segment with its “Himalaya Erina-EP” range of products, focusing on pet hygiene and healthcare.
- Cargill India: Cargill, a multinational corporation, has a presence in the Indian pet food industry with brands like “Provimi” and “Euky Bear.”
- Vetcare India: Vetcare India, an Indian company, offers a range of pet healthcare products and services, including veterinary care, pet nutrition, and pet hygiene products.
- Royal Canin: While not a “big” company in the sense of Nestlé or Mars, Royal Canin, a subsidiary of Mars Incorporated, is a notable player in the premium pet food segment and has a strong presence in the Indian market.
- Indian Startups: In recent years, several Indian startups have entered the pet care market, offering services such as pet grooming, online pet food delivery, and pet health insurance
Public Health
Veterinarians also play a vital role in public health. They work to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Veterinarians also work to ensure the safety of food by inspecting slaughterhouses and meat processing plants.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), zoonotic diseases account for over 60% of all emerging infectious diseases. Veterinarians play a critical role in preventing the spread of these diseases by vaccinating animals and educating the public about how to avoid contact with diseased animals.
In addition, veterinarians also contribute to the economy by:
- Generating employment: The veterinary sector employs a large number of people, including veterinarians, paravets, and other support staff.
- Promoting exports: India exports a variety of livestock products, including milk, meat, and eggs. Veterinarians help to ensure that these products meet international quality and safety standards.
- Supporting rural development: The livestock sector is particularly important in rural areas, where it provides a livelihood for millions of people. Veterinarians play a key role in supporting rural development by providing veterinary care to livestock in rural areas.
Case Studies
Here are a few case studies of veterinarians playing a key role in sustainable development and economy in India:
Case Study 1: Veterinary Services Supporting Sustainable Agriculture in India
India is a predominantly agricultural country, with over 50% of the population employed in the sector. Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy, contributing to over 15% of GDP. However, Indian agriculture is facing a number of challenges, including climate change, land degradation, and water scarcity.
Veterinarians play a key role in supporting sustainable agriculture in India. They provide a range of services to farmers, including:
- Animal health care and disease prevention: Veterinarians help to keep livestock healthy and productive, which reduces costs for farmers and improves food security.
- Animal breeding and genetics: Veterinarians help farmers to select and breed livestock that are well-suited to local conditions and resistant to diseases.
- Nutrition and feed management: Veterinarians advise farmers on how to feed their livestock properly to maximize productivity and reduce environmental impact.
- Waste management: Veterinarians help farmers to manage livestock waste in a sustainable way to reduce the risk of water pollution and soil contamination.
In addition to providing direct services to farmers, veterinarians also play a role in advocating for policies that support sustainable agriculture. For example, veterinarians have been instrumental in promoting the use of vaccines and other preventive measures to control livestock diseases.
Case Study 2: Veterinarians Supporting Rural Economies in India
Veterinarians play an important role in supporting rural economies in India. They provide essential services to livestock keepers, which helps to improve the productivity and profitability of livestock enterprises. This, in turn, leads to increased incomes and improved livelihoods for rural communities.
A study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) found that every $1 invested in veterinary services generates an average return of $3.20 in increased livestock production. This suggests that investing in veterinary services is a highly cost-effective way to boost rural economies.
Case Study 3: Dairy Development and Veterinarian Interventions
India is one of the largest milk producers in the world, and dairy farming plays a critical role in the country’s economy. Veterinarians have been instrumental in the sustainable development of the dairy sector.
Background: The dairy industry in India is primarily composed of small-scale farmers, and the health and productivity of dairy animals are of paramount importance.
Veterinarian Interventions:
Healthcare Services: Veterinarians provide essential healthcare services to dairy animals, including vaccination, disease prevention, and treatment. Regular check-ups and health monitoring help ensure the well-being of cattle.
Breeding Programs: Veterinarians assist farmers in implementing selective breeding programs to improve the genetic potential of dairy animals, resulting in higher milk yields.
Nutrition and Feeding: Veterinarians offer guidance on animal nutrition and feeding practices to maximize milk production while minimizing resource use.
Impact: Through the efforts of veterinarians, the dairy sector has seen significant growth, with increased milk production and the empowerment of rural farmers. This has a positive economic impact on India’s GDP, rural livelihoods, and food security.
Case Study 4: Zoonotic Disease Control and Public Health
Zoonotic diseases, which can be transmitted from animals to humans, pose a significant public health risk in India. Veterinarians are crucial in controlling these diseases and promoting public health.
Background: Diseases like rabies, brucellosis, and avian influenza are zoonotic and can have severe consequences for both animals and humans.
Veterinarian Interventions:
Rabies Control: Veterinarians conduct mass dog vaccination campaigns to control rabies, focusing on stray dog populations, which are a primary source of human rabies cases.
Brucellosis Control: Veterinarians implement disease control programs in livestock to reduce the risk of transmission to humans, particularly in dairy farming communities.
Avian Influenza Surveillance: Veterinarians monitor and respond to avian influenza outbreaks in poultry to prevent transmission to humans.
Impact: By preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases, veterinarians contribute to public health and economic well-being. Fewer cases of these diseases mean reduced healthcare costs and fewer workdays lost due to illness, ultimately contributing to economic productivity and sustainable development
In addition to the direct economic benefits, veterinarians also play an important social role in rural communities. They are often the first point of contact for livestock keepers when they have problems with their animals. This gives veterinarians a unique opportunity to provide education and advice on a range of issues, such as animal health and welfare, nutrition, and management.
Veterinarians play a vital role in sustainable development and economy in India. They support sustainable agriculture by providing animal health care, breeding and genetics, nutrition and feed management, and waste management services to farmers. They also play a role in advocating for policies that support sustainable agriculture.
In addition, veterinarians support rural economies by providing essential services to livestock keepers, which helps to improve the productivity and profitability of livestock enterprises. They also play an important social role in rural communities by providing education and advice on a range of issues, such as animal health and welfare, nutrition, and management.
The Indian government has recognized the importance of veterinarians in sustainable development and has taken several steps to support the profession. For example, the government has increased the number of veterinary colleges in the country and has launched several programs to train and support veterinarians in rural areas.
The role of veterinarians in sustainable development and economy is becoming increasingly important, especially in developing countries like India. As the world faces challenges such as climate change, food security, and water scarcity, veterinarians will play a vital role in finding solutions to these challenges.
Challenges
Despite the important role that veterinarians play in sustainable development and economy in India, there are a number of challenges that they face. These include:
- Shortage of veterinarians: India has a shortage of veterinarians, especially in rural areas. This makes it difficult to provide adequate veterinary care to livestock, which can lead to lower productivity and increased susceptibility to diseases.
- Lack of awareness: Many farmers in India are not aware of the importance of veterinary care and the benefits that it can provide. This leads to underutilization of veterinary services, which can have a negative impact on livestock health and productivity.
- Animal welfare issues: Animal welfare is a growing concern in India. Veterinarians are often called upon to deal with cases of animal abuse and neglect.
- Climate change: Climate change is having a significant impact on livestock and animal health. Veterinarians are working to develop strategies to help animals adapt to the changing climate.
Despite these challenges, veterinarians in India are making significant contributions to sustainable development and economy. For example, they are working to:
- Improve livestock productivity: Veterinarians are working to improve livestock productivity through breeding, nutrition, and disease management. This can help to increase food production and reduce poverty.
- Protect public health: Veterinarians are working to protect public health by preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases. This is done through vaccination, surveillance, and education.
- Promote animal welfare: Veterinarians are working to promote animal welfare by advocating for animal rights and providing education on responsible pet ownership.
Recommendations
The following recommendations can help to address the challenges faced by veterinarians in India and to strengthen their role in sustainable development and economy:
- Increase the number of veterinary graduates: The government can increase the number of veterinary graduates by increasing the number of veterinary colleges and by providing financial assistance to students who are studying veterinary medicine.
- Promote awareness of veterinary care: The government and veterinary organizations can promote awareness of veterinary care among farmers through educational campaigns and training programs.
- Increase investment in the veterinary sector: The government can increase investment in the veterinary sector to improve the availability of veterinary care and to support research.
- Advocate for policies and programs that support sustainable livestock production and animal welfare: Veterinarians can advocate for policies and programs that support sustainable livestock production and animal welfare, such as subsidies for sustainable livestock practices and investments in veterinary care for livestock.
- Collaborate with other professionals: Veterinarians should collaborate with other professionals, such as agricultural scientists, public health officials, and policymakers, both nationally and internationally to address the challenges of sustainable development.
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