VETERINARY DOCTOR’S KEY GUIDE FOR PUBLIC SERVICE EXAMINATION
VETERINARY SCIENCE THROUGH AGES
- First written record of veterinary medicine from ancient Egypt was provided by Kahum Papyrus (1900 BC).
- First mention of Rabies was reported in Eshuna code of 2300 C.
- Ashoka (269-232 C.) made compulsory provision of charitable animal hospitals.
- First veterinary school at Lyon in France in 1761 (France).
- In 1776, second veterinary school at Alfort near
- Royal charter (1844) recognized the Veterinary Art as a
Historic Milestones/Discoveries
- Louis Pasteur – coined term vaccine; Fowl cholera vaccine, Rabbies vaccine, Anthrax vaccine, and concept of
- Paul Ehrlich – Antibody production, Humoral theory, Acid fast staining, Father of
- Edward Jenner – Small pox vaccination
- Waksman – Streptomycin discovery
- Bruce – Malta fever
- Loeffer and Shutz – Glander
- Moore – Fowl typhoid
- Nicolaier – Tetanus
- Ricketts – Rocky spotted mountain fever
- Bordet – Complement discovery
- Loffer – Swine erysipelas
- Flemming – First antibiotics as Penicillin
- Lister – Aseptic surgery, Carbolic acid
- Bucchim – Father of Pharmacology
- J.B. Orfla – Father of Toxicology
- Otto-lewi – Neurotransmitter discovery
- W. Holmes – Coined term Anaesthesia
- Rudolphi – Father of Parasitology
- Virchow – Father of Cellular Pathology
- Kohler & Milstein – Hybridoma (Monoclonal antibodies) technique
- Porter – Structure of antibodies
- Landsteiner – Blood Group
- Celsus – Four cardinal signs of inflammation
COMMON PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUES OF VARIOUS DOMESTICATED LIVESTOCK
| Particulars | Cattle | Buffalo | Sheep | Goat | Horse |
| Rectal Temperature (Fo) | 101.5 | 101.0 | 103.0 | 103.0 | 100.5 |
| Normal Pulse Rate/min | 50-70 | 48-65 | 70-80 | 70-80 | 30-40 |
| Normal Resp. Rate/min | 20-30 | 20-28 | 20-30 | 20-30 | 10-16 |
| Age at First Service (mo) | 15-18 | 24-27 | 8-12 | 8-12 | 16-18 |
| Gestation Period (days) | 283 | 304 | 150 | 150 | 340 |
| Particulars | Dog | Cat | Camel | Fowl |
| Rectal Temperature (Fo) | 101-102 | 101.0 | 99.5 | 107.0 |
| Normal Pulse Rate/min | 70-130 | 110-130 | 30-50 | 120-160 |
| Normal Resp. Rate/min | 15-30 | 20-30 | 10-12 | 15-50 |
| Age at First Service (mo) | 6-12 | 6-15 | — | — |
| Gestation Period (days) | 63 | 56 | 370 | 21 (hatch) |
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF ANIMALS
Common Name Scientific Name
Alpaca Llama pacos
Ass Equus asinus
Buffalo Bubalus bubalis
Camel Camelus dromedarianus (Single hump) Camelus bacterianus (Double hump)
Cat Felis domesticus
Cattle Bos indicus / Bos taurus
Dog Canisfamilaris
Goat Capra hircus
Guanaco Lama guanicoe
Horse Equus caballus
Llama Llama glama
Mithun Bos gaurus
Pig Sus scrofa
Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus
Reindeer Rangifer tarandus
Sheep Ovis aries
Vicuna Vicugna vicugna
Yalk Bos grunniens
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRDS
Common Name Scientific Name
Chicken Gallus domesticus
Duck Anas platyrhynchos
Geese Anser anser
Golden eagle Aquila chrysactes
Guinea fowl Numida meleagris
Muscovy Cainna maschata
Ostrich Struthio camelus Pea fowl (peacock) Pavo cristatus Pigeon Columba livia
Pheasants Phasians colchrices
Quail Coturnix spp.
Red horned owl Bubo bubo Screech owl Tyto albo
Swan Cygnus spp.
Turkey Meleagris gallopovo
COMMON AND COLLOQUIAL TERMS USED FOR DIFFERENT CONDITIONS/DISEASES
| Sr. | Colloquial Term | Equivalent English
Term |
Explanation (if any) |
| 1. | — | A non specific condition characterized by decrease in appetite, halitosis in some cases, slight depression, decrease in production. It is perhaps due to presence of noctious agents in blood
and organs. |
|
| 2. | Hydropsy | — | |
| 3. | — | To push air into the vagina for letdown
of milk |
|
| 4. | — | Wheat bran, bread crums, oil cakes, or gram hulls etc with wheat straw is given to animal when there is shortage of
green fodder. |
|
| 5. | Uterine torsion | — | |
| 6. | Prolapse | — | |
| 7. | Debility | — | |
| 8. | Canine distemper in dog | — | |
| 9. | Surra in camel | Trypanosomiasis in camel | |
| 10. | Strangles | — | |
| 11. | Glanders | — | |
| 12. | Diarrhea | — | |
| 13. | Bovine Ephemeral Fever | — | |
| 14. | Drench | — | |
| 15. | Pregnant | — | |
| 16. | Non-pregnant | — | |
| 16. | Cow heifer | — | |
| 17. | Yearling cow bull | — | |
| 18. | Female cow calf | — | |
| 19. | Male cow calf | — | |
| 20. | Female buffalo calf | — | |
| 21. | Male buffalo calf | — | |
| 22. | Exotic | — | |
| 23. | Early lactation | — | |
| 24. | Edema | — | |
| 25. | — | Cow/buffalo near to end of lactation | |
| 26. | Pyometra | — | |
| 27. | Docile | — | |
| 28. | Halter | — |
| 29. | Muzzle | — | |
| 30. | Maize fodder | — | |
| 31. | Three teater | Animal having three teats | |
| 32. | Two teater | Animal having two teats | |
| 33. | Foal | ||
| 34. | — | Black buffalo with blue eyes | |
| 35. | — | Black buffalo with black eyes | |
| 36. | — | Tumor on third eyelid | |
| 37. | Worms/Parasite | — | |
| 38. | — | Lesions at the teat opening | |
| 39. | — | Panj Kalyan + Blue eyes | |
| 40. | Leather halter | — | |
| 41. | Constipation | Animal is unable to defecate | |
| 42. | Red water | — | |
| 43. | FMD | Foot and Mouth Disease | |
| 44. | Abortion | — | |
| 45. | Abomasal displacement | — | |
| 46. | Actinobacillosis | — | |
| 47. | Actinomycosis | — | |
| 48. | Alopecia | — | |
| 49. | Anemia | — | |
| 51. | Anoestrus | — | |
| 52. | Anthrax | — | |
| 53. | Arthritis | — | |
| 54. | Aural hematoma | — | |
| 55. | Bed sore | — | |
| 56. | Skipping of one milking to show that a cow/buffalo is producing more milk that the actual should on a plan of regular evening and
morning milk. |
||
WATER-BORN DISEASES
| 1. Amoebiasis | 2. Anthrax |
| 3. Black Quarter | 4. Bordetellosis |
| 5. Borreliosis | 6. Bovine Contagious Abortion |
| 7. Brucellosis | 8. Compylobacteriosis |
| 9. Cholera | 10. E.coli Infection |
| 11. Fasciolosis | 12. Giardiasis |
| 13. Hog cholera | 14. Infectious canine distemper |
| 15. Influenza | 16. Jaundice |
| 17. Johne’s disease | 18. Kidney worm infection |
| 19. Leptospirosis | 20. Parasitic bronchitis |
| 21. Parasitic gastroenteritis | 22. Parvovirus infection |
| 23. Pasteurellosis | 24. Salmonellosis |
| 25. Schistosomiasis | 26. Swine erysipelas |
| 27. Trachoma | 28. Tuberculosis |
| 29. Vibrio cholera | 30. Viral hepatitis |
MILK-BORN DISEASES
| 1. Anthrax | 2. Cholera |
| 3. Diphtheria | 4. Dysentery |
| 5. Foot and Mouth Disease | 6. Gastro-enteritis |
| 7. Mastitis | 8. Milk sickness |
| 9. Paratyphoid fever | 10. Scarlet fever |
| 11. Septic sore throat | 12. Small pox |
| 13. Tuberculosis | 14. Typhoid fever |
| 15. Undulant fever |
AIR-BORN DISEASES
| 1. Air pollution syndrome | 2. Allergy rhinitis |
| 3. Aspergillosis | 4. Asthma |
| 5. Cancer | 6. Canine distemper |
| 7. Carbon monoxide poisoning | 8. CBPP (Contag. Bov. Pleuro Pneum) |
| 9. CCPP (Con. Caprine Pleu. Pneum) | 10. Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) |
| 11. Dermatitis | 12. Equine influenza |
| 13. Equine viral rhinopneumonitis | 14. Fluorosis |
| 15. Fowl cholera | 16. Hay fever |
| 17. Histoplasmosis | 18. Immuno-suppression |
| 19. Infectious bronchitis | 20. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis |
| 21. Infectious Bursal Disease | 22. Marek’s Disease |
| 23. Newcastle Disease | 24. Papillomatosis |
| 25. Paramyxovirus type III infection | 26. Plumbism |
| 27. Q-fever | 28. Sever acute respiratory syndrome |
| 29. Sheep pox and Goat pox | 30. Swine influenza |
| 31. Tuberculosis | 32. Psittacosis |
FOOD-BORN DISEASES
| 1. Bacillary dysentery | 2. Brucellosis |
| 3. Cholera | 4. E. coli infection |
| 5. Diphtheria | 6. Q-fever |
| 7. Staphylococcal enterotoxic gastritis | 8. Streptococcal infections |
| 9. Tick-borne encephalitis | 10. Tuberculosis |
| 11. Typhoid fever | 12. Paratyphoid fever |
DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK; Common Name & Causative Agent
- VIRAL DISEASES
| Name of Disease | Synonym | Causative Agent |
| Foot and Mouth Disease | FMD; Apthous fever | Apthovirus, Picornaviridae |
| Rinderpest | Cattle plague; Bovine | Rinderpest virus of family |
| typhus | Paramyxoviridae | |
| Peste Des Petitis Ruminants | PPR; Pseudorinderpest,
Kata, Goat plague |
Morbillivirus of family
Paramyxoviridae |
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea | BVD; Mucosal disease | Pestivirus of family
Togaviridae |
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever | MCF; Catarrhal fever;
Gangrenous coryza |
Gamma herpesvirus |
| Blue Tongue | Sore mouth; Epizootic
catarrh; Pseudo FMD |
Orbivirus of family
Reoviridae |
| Vesicular Stomatitis | Mouth thrush; Sporadic
aptha; Estomatitis |
VS virus of family
Rhabdoviridae |
| Ephemeral Fever | Three day sickness; Stiff
sickness |
EF virus of family
Rhabdoviridae |
| Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitis |
IBR; Red nose; Necrotic
rhinitis |
Bovine herpes virus-I |
| Pseudo rabies | Aujeszky’s disease; Mad
itch |
Herpes virus |
| Cow pox | Variola vaccina | Cow pox virus |
| Goat pox | Variola capra | Capri pox virus |
| Sheep pox | Ovine px; Variola ovina | Capri pox virus |
| Swine pox | Variola suilla; Contagious
impetigo |
Sui pox virus |
| Horse pox | Variola equine; Contagious
pustular stomatitis |
Equi pox virus |
| Pseudo cow pox | Milker’s nodules; Ring sore | Para pox virus |
| Swine Fever | Hog cholera; Peste porcine | Togavirus |
| Vesicular Exanthema | — | Calicivirus |
| African Swine Fever | African pig disease; Wart
hog disease |
Irido virus |
| Transmissible Gastroenteritis | T.G.E. | Corona virus |
| Japanese Encephalitis | — | Arbovirus of family
Togaviridae |
| Contagious Ecthyma | Contagious pustular dermatitis; ORF; Scabby
mouth |
ORF virus of family Poxviridae |
| Maedi | Progressive interstitial
pneumonia |
Lentivirus of family
Retroviridae |
| Pulmonary Adenomatosis | Jaagsiekte | Not yet defined |
| Bovine Leukosis | Bovine lymphosarcoma | Bovine leukemia virus of
family Retroviridae |
| Corona virus infection | CCV; Viral gastroenetritis | Corona virus |
| Equine Influenza | Equine distemper; Typhoid
fever; Pink eye |
Myxovirus |
| Equine Infectious Anemia | EIA; Swamp fever | EIA virus; Lentivirus of
family Retroviridae |
| Pulmonary Disease in Horse | Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) |
Multifactorial |
| Respiratory Disease Complex | Kennel cough | Borderella bronchoseptica |
| in Dog | ||
| Equine Viral Rhinopneumonia | Rhinopneumonitis; Equine
viral abortion |
Equine herpes virus -I |
| Scrapie | Rida; Tremblante du
mouton |
Prion |
| Louping ill | Ovine encephalomyelitis | Flavivirus of family
Togaviridae |
| Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy |
BSE; Mad cow disease | Prion |
| Canine Distemper | Hard pad disease; Canine
influenza |
Canine distemper virus of
family Paramyxoviridae |
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis | Rubarth’s disease;
Contagious hepatitis |
Adenovirus I & II of family
adenoviridae |
| Rabies | Mad dog; Hydrophobia;
Jalatanka; Lyssa |
Lyssa virus of family
Rhabdoviridae |
| Rotavirus Diarrhea | — | Retavirus of family
Rotaviridae |
| Parvovirus Infection in Dog | — | Parvovirus of family
Parvoviridae |
| Feline Panleukopenia | Feline distemper; Feline
parvovirus; Feline ataxia |
DNA virus |
| Respiratory Disease Complex
in Cat |
Cat flu, FVR; | Feline herpes virus-I |
| Feline Leukemia | Lymphosarcoma | Retrovirus |
- BACTERIAL DISEASES
| Name of disease | Synonym | Causative Agent |
| Anthrax | Splenic fever; Charbon;
Wool sorter’s disease |
Bacillus anthracis |
| Hemorrhagic Septicemia | Pasteurellosis; Shipping
fever; Stockyard disease |
Pasteurella multocida |
| Brucellosis | Bang’s disease; Infectious
abortion; Enzootic abortion |
B.abortus, B. melitensis,
B. suis, B. ovis, B. canis |
| Tuberculosis | Pearl’s disease; Pthisis;
Scrofula |
Mycobacterium spp. |
| Paratuberculosis | Johne’s disease; Chronic
bacillary dysentery |
Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis |
| Leptospirosis | Weil’s disease; Stuttgart disease; Rice field worker’s
disease; Canine typhus |
Leptospira spp. (L.interrogans, L.pomona,
L.canicola, L.hardjo) |
| Listeriosis | Circling disease; Silage
disease |
Listeria monocytogenes |
| Colibacillosis | Calf scour; White disease;
Calf septicemia |
Eschericia coli (E.coli) |
| Salmonellosis | Paratyphoid | S. typhimurium, S.dublin |
| Actinomycosis | Lumpy jaw | Actinomyces bovis |
| Actinobacillosis | Wooden tongue; Timber | Actinobacillus lignieresi |
| tongue; Big head | ||
| Dermatophylosis | Mycotic dermatitis;
Senekobo disease of cattle, Lumpy wool of sheep |
Dermatophilus congolensis |
| Swine Erysipelas | Diamond skin disease | Erysipelas rhusiopathiae |
| Compylobacteriosis | Vibriosis | Campylobacter foetus |
| Glanders | Farcy; Malleus; Morve;
Pacin; Carn |
Pseudomonas mallei |
| Strangles | Equine distemper;
Infectious adenitis |
Streptococcus equi |
| Exudate Epidermitis | Greasy pig disease | Staphylococcus hyos |
| Impetigo | — | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Glasser’s disease | Infectious polyarthritis | Haemophilus suis |
| Ulcerative Lymphangitis | Ulcerative cellulitis;
Caseous lymphadenitis |
Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis |
| Foot Rot | Infectious pododermatitis | Spherophorus necrophorus |
| Infectious Kerato
Conjunctivitis |
Pink eye; Infectious
keratitis |
Moraxella bovis |
| Black Quarter | Black leg; Quarter ill;
Symptomatic anthrax |
Clostridium chauvoei |
| Tetanus | Lock jaw | Clostridium tetani |
| Enterotoxemia | — | Clostridium perfringens |
| Bacillary Hemoglobinurea | Red water disease;
Infectious hemoglobinuria |
Clostridium hemolyticum |
| Botuslim | Limber neck; Loin disease | Clostridium botulinum |
| Braxy | Brad sot | Clostridium septicum |
| Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis | Black disease | Clostridium novyi |
| Malignant Edema | — | Clostridium septicum |
| Joint Ill | Naval ill; Poly arthritis; Omphalitis, Urachitis | Mixed etiological agents (E.coli, Strepto, Staph,
Actino, Enterococcus) |
| Mastitis | Mammitis; Mammite | A no. of organisms involved |
| Lyme Disease | — | Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Contagious Bovine
Pleuropneumonia |
CBPP; Lung plague; Lung
sickness |
Mycoplasma mycoides var
mycoides |
| Contagious Caprine
Pleuropneumonia |
CCPP; Pleuropneumonia
contagiosa |
Mycoplasma mycoides
caprae |
- FUNGAL DISEASES
| Name of disease | Synonym | Causative Agent |
| Dermatophytosis | Ringworm; | Trichophyton verrucosum |
| Rhinosporidiosis | — | Rhinosporidia seeberi |
| Sporotrichosis | — | Sporotrichum schenckii |
| Nocardiosis | Bovine farcy; Mycotic
lymphangitis |
Nocardia farcinicus |
| Aspergillosis | — | Aspergillus spp. |
| Aflatoxicosis | Myotoxicosis | Aspergillus flavus |
| Candidiasis | Moniliasis | Candida albicans |
| Phycomycosis | Mucormycosis;
Zygomycosis |
Mucorales spp. |
- PARASITIC DISEASES
| Name of Disease | Synonym | Causative Agent |
| Amphistomiasis | Stomach fluke disease | Paramphistomum cervi |
| Schistosomiasis | Nasa | Sschistostoma bovis |
| Hepatic Fascioliasis | Liver fluke disease | Fasciola hepatica |
| Esophagostomosis | Nodule worm disease | E. radiatum, E. columbianum |
| Bovine Verminous Bronchitis | Verminous pneumonia | Dictyocaulus viviparous |
| Coenurosis | Gid; Sturdy | Ceonurus cerebralis |
| Echinococcosis | — | Echinococcus granulosus |
| Hemonchosis | — | Hemonchus contortus |
| Ascariasis | — | A. vitulorum, A. canis |
- PROTOZOAN & RICKETTSIAL DISEASE
| Name of Disease | Synonym | Causative Agent |
| Anaplasmosis | Gall Sickness | Anaplasma marginale |
| Ehrlichiosis | Canine rickettsiosis | Ehrlichia canis |
| Babesiosis | Tick fever; Texas fever;
Splenic fever; Red fever |
B. bigemina, B. bovis,
B.equi, B. cabalii |
| Theileriosis | East coast fever; Rhodesian
tick fever |
Theileria parva, T. annulata,
T.mutans |
| Trypanosomiasis | Surra | Trypanosoma evansi |
| Leishmaniasis | — | Leishmania donovani |
| Toxoplasmosis | — | Toxoplasma gondi |
| Cryptosporidiosis | — | Cryptosporidium parvum |
DISEASES OF POULTRY; Common Name & Causative Agent
| Name of Disease | Synonym | Causative Agent |
| Marek’s Disease | Range paralysis; Neural
lymphomatosis |
MD virus; Herpes virus |
| Newcastle Disease | Ranikhet disease; Avian
pneumoencephalitis |
Paramyxovirus group I |
| Infectious Bronchitis | IB | IBV of family Coronaviridae |
| Avian Encephalomyelitis | AE; Epidemic tremor; New
England disease |
Picornavirus of family
Picornaviridae |
| Fowl Plague | Avian influenza | AI virus of family
Orthomyxoviridae |
| Infectious Laryngotracheitis | ILT; Avian diphtheria | ILT virus of family
Herpesviridiae |
| Avian Leukosis Complex | ALC; Avian sarcoma; Big
liver disease; |
Rotavirus type C of
subfamily Oncovirinae |
| Infectious Bursal Disease | IBD; Gumboro disease | IBD virus of family
Birnaviridae |
| Avian Influenza | — | Influenza A virus of family
Orthomyxoviridae |
| Chicken Infectious Anemia | CIA; | CIA virus of family
Circoviridae |
| Avian Collibacillosis | Colisepticemia;E.coli
infection |
Escherichia coli |
| Avian Pasteurellosis | Fowl cholera; Avian
cholera |
Pasteurella multocida |
| Fowl Typhoid | Infectious leukemia | Salmonella gallinarum |
| Fowl Paratyphoid | Avian salmonellosis | Salmonella typhimurium |
| Pullorum Disease | Bacillary white diarrhea | Salmonella pullorum |
| Chronic Respiratory Disease | MG infection | Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
| Coccidiosis in Poultry | — | Eimeria spp. (e.g. E.tenella) |
INCUBATION PERIODS OF COMMON DISEASES
| Diseases | Range (Days) | Average (Days) |
| Anaplasmosis | 17-48 | 30 |
| Anthrax | 5-10 | 7 |
| Babesiosis | 7-21 | — |
| Black quarter | 1-5 | — |
| Brucellosis | 21-180 | 60-120 |
| Contagious ecthyma | 5-8 | — |
| Canine distemper | 3-7 | 4 |
| Foot and Mouth Disease | 2-10 | 3 |
| Glanders | 30-90 | 30 |
| Hemorrhagic Septicemia | 2-5 | 3 |
| Influenza (equine) | 3-10 | 4 |
| Influenza (piglets) | 2-7 | — |
| Johne’s disease | 30-730 | 90 |
| Leptospirosis | 7-9 | 8 |
| Malignant oedema | 2-5 | 3 |
| Pox (sheep, cow) | 2-7 | — |
| Pustular dermatitis | 4-7 | — |
| Rabies (all animals) | 9-450 | 30-90 |
| Rinderpest | 3-9 | 3 |
| Strangles | 3-8 | — |
| Swine erysipelas | 1-5 | — |
| Tetanus | 7-21 | 15 |
| Trypanosomiasis | 4-13 | 7 |
| Tuberculosis | 30-90 | 30 |
| Vibriosis | 20-60 | 35 |
ORIGIN OF ORGANS
| Ectoderm | Mesoderm | Endoderm |
| Epidermis, hair, nail and lens | All type of muscles | Pharynx epithelium |
| Epithelium of sensory
organs, enamel, mouth, and anal canal |
Blood, bone marrow | Larynx, Lungs |
| Nervous tissue | Lymphoid tissue, Blood vessels Body cavities Kidney, Ureter Gonads
Joint cavities |
Digestive tube Bladder Vagina Urethra |
CRANIAL NERVES
| No. | Name | Type |
| 1. | Olfactory | Sensory |
| 2. | Optic | Sensory |
| 3. | Occulomotor | Motor |
| 4. | Trochlear | Motor |
| 5. | Trigeminal | Mixed |
| 6. | Abducens | Motor |
| 7. | Facial | Mixed |
| 8. | Glossopharyngeal | Mixed |
| 9. | Vagus | Mixed |
| 10. | Spinal Accessory | Motor |
| 11. | Hypoglossal | Motor |
TYPE OF BODY JOINTS
| Sr. | Type of Joints | Example |
| 1. | Ginglymus (hinge) joint | Fetlock joint |
| 2. | Arthrodial (plane) joint | Joints between adjacent carpals a |
| 3. | Trochoid (pivot) joint | Atlanto-axial joint |
| 4. | Enarthrodial(ball & socket) joint | Coxo-femoral joint |
| 5. | Suture joint | Skull bone joints |
| 6. | Synsarcosis | Joints between scapula and bony thorax |
| 7. | Syndesmoses | Joint of shaft of split bones & canon bone of horse |
IMPORTANT JOINTS OF BODY
| Name of Joint | Between the bone |
| Stifle joint | Femur and tibia |
| Hip joint | Pelvis and femur |
| Shoulder joint | Scapula and humerus |
| Elbow joint | Humerus and radius |
| Fetlock joint | Metacarpus and proximal phalanx |
| Pastern joint | Proximal phalanx and middle phalanx |
| Coffin joint | Middle phalanx and distal phalanx |
SYNONYMS OF BONES / PROCESSES
| Real Name | Synonyms |
| Tuber coxae | Point of hip or hook bone |
| Tuber ischii | Pin bone |
| Metacarpal | Canon |
| First phalanx | Long pastern bone |
| Second phalanx | Short pastern bone |
| Third phalanx | Coffin bone |
| Oleocranon process | Point of elbow |
SITE OF THORACOCENTESIS
| Animal | Right (ICS) | Left (ICS) |
| Horse | 6th | 7th |
| Cattle and Sheep | 5th | 6th |
| Dog and Cat | 6th | 7th |
LIVER BIOPSY
| Animal | Site |
| Horse | Right dorsal half, 11th – 14th ICS |
| Cattle & Sheep | Upper third right side, 11th ICS |
| Dog, Cat, Pig | Last 2 ICS close to the costal arch |
SITE FOR PULSE RECORDING
| Horse | Lower jaw, where the external maxillary artery is continued across the
face as facial artery. |
| Cattle | Coccygeal artery on either side of the under aspect of tail. |
| Sheep, Goat,
Dog, Cat |
Femoral artery inside the hind limb, more than the half way between stifle
and hip joint |
| Fowl | Wing artery on the inner aspect of the wing |
SUTURE MATERIALS
| Category | Example |
| Absorbable (organic) | Catgut, Fascia lata, Kangaroo tendon, cargile membrane,
Amniotic membrane, Polyglycolic acid (Dexon) |
| Non-absorbable
a) Organic b) Inorganic c) Synthetic |
Cotton, Silk, Silk warm gut, Horse hair, Linen, Umbilical tape Metallic, suture wire, steel wire, Wound clips, Pin suture. Nylon, Terelene, Vetafil, Polyester, Surgilene |
ABSORBABLE SUTURE MATERIAL
| Name | Obtained from |
| Cat gut | Submucosa of small intestine of sheep |
| Kangaroo tendon | Tendon of tail of Kangaroo |
| Cargile membrane | Bovine caecum |
| Collagen | Bovine flexor tendon filament |
| Amniotic membrane | Foetal amnion |
VETERBRAL COLUMN IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS
| Species | Cervical | Thoracic | Lumber | Sacral | Coccygeal |
| Horse | 7 | 18 | 6 | 5 | 15-20 |
| Cattle | 7 | 13 | 6 | 5 | 18-20 |
| Sheep | 7 | 13 | 6-7 | 4 | 16-18 |
| Hog | 7 | 14-15 | 6-7 | 4 | 20-23 |
| Chicken | 14 | 7 | 14 (fused) | 6 | — |
| Human | 7 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
TYPE OF MUSCLES
| Sr. | Type of Muscles | Example |
| 1. | Flexor | Biceps brachii for elbow |
| 2. | Extensor | Triceps brachii for elbow |
| 3. | Sphincter striated | Obricularis oculi |
| 4. | Cutaneous muscle | Cutaneous trunchi muscle |
| 5. | Antagonistic | Biceps brachii and brachialis |
| 6. | Synergists | Triceps brachii and Anconeus |
SENSATION AND NERVE ENDINGS
| Sensation | Receiving nerve endings |
| Touch | Meissner’s corpuscles, Morke’s discs |
| Deep pressure | Vater Pacinian corpuscles |
| Heat | Corpuscles of Ruffini |
| Cold | Krause end bulbs |
| Muscle sense | Neurotendinous organ |
TASTE PERCEPTION IN TONGUE
| Area of tongue | Type of taste |
| Base | Bitter |
| Lateral side | Sour, salt |
| Tip | Sweet or salt |
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
| Parameters | Horse | Ox |
| Side length | Unusual | Lesser |
| Muscular development of hind quarter | Great | Less |
| Thoracic cavity | Longer | Shorter |
| Ribs | 18 pairs | 13 pairs |
| Superior spinous process of first six
vertebrae |
Markedly developed | Less developed |
| Extension of ulna | Up to half the length of
radius |
Articulates with carpus |
| Articulation among last three lumber
vertebral |
Articulates | Do not articulate |
| Flesh | Dark bluish red, sweet
taste, fibrous |
Lacks blue tinge |
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
| Features | Sheep | Goat |
| Back and withers | Round and well fleshed | Sharp, little flesh |
| Thorax | Barrel shaped | Flattened laterally |
| Tail | Fairly broad | Thin |
| Radius | 1 1/4 times length of
metacarpus |
Twice as long as metacarpus |
| Scapula | Short and broad | Long |
| Flesh | Pale red and fine | Dark red of coarse with goaty
odour |
IODINE VALUE OF MEAT
| Animal species | Iodine value of meat |
| Horse | 71-86% |
| Ox | 38-46% |
| Sheep | 35-46% |
| Pig | 50-70% |
| Good Lard | 66% |
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF MEAT
| Animal species | R.I. of meat fat |
| Horse | 53.5 |
| Ox | < 40 |
| Pig | < 51.9 |
BLOOD AS % OF LIVE BODY WEIGHT
| Species | Cattle | Calves | Pigs | Sheep | Lamb |
| % of blood | 3-4 | 5-6 | 3-4 | 4-4.5 | 3.5-4 |
| Part of egg formed | Site of formation | Time of formation |
| Yolk | Ovary | 7-9 hours |
| Thick mucin | Infundibulum | 15-30 minutes |
| Albumin | Magnum | 2-3 hours |
| Shell membrane | Isthmus | 1.5 hours |
| Watery solution | Shell gland | 3-5 hours |
| Shell | Shell gland | 19-20 hours |
| Bloom (mucus) | Vagina | 1-10 minutes |
COMPOSITION OF MILK AND EGG
| Nutrients | Milk | Egg |
| Water (gm) | 87 | 60 |
| Protein (gm) | 4 | 12 |
| Fat (gm) | 3.5 | 4 |
| Calcium (mg) | 118 | 48 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 93 | 180 |
| Iron (mg) | Trace | 2.1 |
| Vit. A (IU) | 140 | 1080 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.17 | 0.27 |
| Niacin (mg) | 0.11 | 0.07 |
DUNG AND URINE EXCRETION IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
| Type of Animals | Dung (kg) | Urine (kg) |
| Horse | 16.10 | 3.6 |
| Cattle | 23.50 | 9.0 |
| Sheep | 1.13 | 0.60 |
| Pig | 2.70 | 1.5 |
| Poultry | 0.04 | — |
APPEARANCE OF CONJUNCTIVA IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
| Animals | Conjunctival colour |
| Cattle, buffalo, and sheep | Light pink |
| Horse | Pale pink/ roseate |
| Pigs | Reddish |
| Dogs | Pale Pink |
| Cats | Pale |
PERCENT CAPACITY OF RUMINANT STOMACH
| Animals | Rumen | Reticulum | Omasum | Abomasum |
| Cattle and buffalo | 55 | 5-7 | 26-30 | 13-14 |
| Sheep and goat | 62 | 11 | 5 | 22-23 |
RUMINANT STOMACH
| Part of Stomach | Remarks |
| Rumen | Largest compartment of stomach, on left side. Dorsal sac is the largest sac of rumen. Lined by glandless stratified squamous epithelium
(Turkish towel appearance). Rumen liquor has pH 5.8 to 6.8, also known as Paunch. Temperature inside rumen is 39 C. |
| Reticulum | Also called Honey comb. Made up of stratified squamous epithelium located immediately behind diaphragm in opposition to heart. Inside
temperature is 39 C. |
| Omasum | Primary function is to remove water by about 50% and to absorb
VFAs. (Absent in Camel) |
| Abomasum | True stomach. Glandular. pH = 2.0. Enzymatic digestive site. It is
similar to fundic region of non-ruminant stomach. |
PANCREATIC JUICE
| Sr. | Parameters | Components |
| 1 | Enzyme precursors | Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen |
| 2 | Active enzyme | Elastase, Amylase, Lipase |
| 3 | Cations | Sodium, Potassium, Calcium |
| 4 | pH | 7.5-8.0 |
DIGESTIVE JUICE
| Secretion | Source | Target | Contents | Remarks |
| Saliva | Salivary
glands |
Mouth | Amylase, salt,
mucus water |
Break starch into dextrin
and maltose |
| Gastric juice | Gastric glands | Stomach | HCl,
Pepsinogen, Renin, Mucus |
Milk curdling, Protein protease and peptones |
| Bile | Liver | Small
intestine |
Bile pigments,
bile salts |
Fat emulsification,
Neutralize chyme |
| Pancreatic juice | Pancreas | Small intestine | Lipase, Amylase, Trypsinogen and
Chymotrypsin |
Fat degradation, starch and dextrin break into maltose, amino acids
liberation |
| Intestinal juice | Duodenal glands and goblet cells | Small intestine | Enterokinase, Peptidase, Maltase, Sucrose, and
Lactase |
Splits amino acid, maltose, sucrose and lactose |
| Animals | Conditions | Colour |
| Calves | Unweaned | Yellowish-brown or grey |
| Diarrhea | Whitish or yellowish | |
| Adult | Grazing on pasture | Dark green (loose) |
| Cattle/Buffalo | Stall feeding | Brownish |
| Constriction of bile duct | Pale to grey | |
| Acute acidosis (Grains overload) | Yellowish-brown | |
| Excess bile | Yellowish | |
| Poor ration, Ketosis | Brown-black surface | |
| Occult blood | Dark brown or tarry | |
| Blood from caudal intestine | Dark red |
BLOOD CHEMISTRY CHART
| Blood constituents | Variation | Associated diseases |
| Blood glucose | Decrease | Hypoglycemia, Ketosis, Starvation |
| Increase | Diabetes mellitus, Hyperglycemia,
Hypoinsulinemia |
|
| Urea nitrogen | Increase | Nephritis, Urinary calculi |
| Creatinine | Increase | Severe renal damage, Wasting disease,
Increased protein breakdown |
| Bilirubin | Increase | Intra/extra biliary obstruction,
Severe hepatopathy or hemolysis |
| Calcium | Decrease | Milk fever, Hypocalcemia, Osteoporosis |
| Increase | Hyperthyroidism, Hypervitaminosis D3 | |
| Phosphorus | Decrease | Hypophosphatamia, Osteomalasia, |
| Increase | Bone fracture healing,
advance chronic renal insufficiency |
|
| Magnesium | Decrease | Hypomagnesemia, Grass tetnay,
Whole milk tetany in calves |
| Ketone | Increase | Ketosis, Starvation, Advance diabetic mellitus |
| Alkaline phosphatase | Increase | Bone repair, Fracture healing |
| Aspartate amino-
transferase (AST) |
Increase | Myocardial necrosis, Muscle dystrophy,
Hepatitis, Azoturia |
| LDH & CPK | Increase | Liver damage, Carbon tetrachloride toxicosis |
| Sodium | Decrease | Muscular dystrophy and Muscle damage |
| Potassium | Decrease | Vomition, Diarrhea, Low intake |
| Increase | Hyperkalemia, Acidosis | |
| Chloride | Decrease | Vomition, Diarrhea, Low intake of salt |
| Bicarbonates | Decrease | Acidosis, Grain engorgement |
| Increase | Alkalosis, Urea toxicity, Amonia toxicosis |
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
| Species | Chromosomes | Male | Female | |
| Pairs | Total | |||
| Man | 23 | 46 | XY | XX |
| Horse | 32 | 64 | XY | XX |
| Cattle | 30 | 60 | XY | XX |
| Buffalo | 24 | 48 | XY | XX |
| Sheep | 27 | 54 | XY | XX |
| Goat | 30 | 60 | XY | XX |
| Swine, Cat | 19 | 38 | XY | XX |
| Dog | 39 | 78 | XY | XX |
| Poultry | 39 | 78 | ZZ | ZW |
CLASSES OF CARBOHYDRATES
| Class | Examples |
| 1. Monosaccharides
a) Pentoses (C5H10O5) b) Hexoses (C5H12O6) |
Arabinose, Xylose, Ribose Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose. |
| 2. Disaccharides (C12H22O11) | Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Cellobiose |
| 3. Trisaccharides (C18H32O16) | Raffinose |
| 4. Polysaccharides
a) Pentosans (C5H10O16)x b) Hexosans (C6H10O5)x c) Mixed type |
Araban, Xylan Dextrin, Starch, Cellulose, Insulin, Glycogen Mimicellulose, Pectingums, Mucilages |
MINERALS
| Macro-Minerals | Micro-Minerals |
| Calcium | Iron |
| Phosphorus | Copper |
| Sodium | Zinc |
| Potassium | Cobalt |
| Magnesium | Iodine |
| Sulphur | Manganese |
| Chlorine | Selenium Molybdenum
Fluorine, Vanadium, Chromium, Silicone |
QUARANTINE PERIOD
| Disease | Species | Period (OIE guidelines) |
| Infectious bronchitis | Fowl | 28 days |
| Rabies | Dog, Cat | 4 months |
| Bacterial infection | Zebra | 2 weeks |
| Fowl cholera | Poultry | 14 days |
| Fowl typhoid | Poultry | 28 days |
| African swine fever | Swine | 40 days |
| Newcastle Disease | Birds | 21 days |
| Fowl Plaque | Wild birds | 21 days |
| Chlamydiosis | Pigeon | 45 days |
| Aspergillosis | Psittacine birds | 45 days |
| Rinder pest | Cattle | 21 days |
| CBPP | Bovine | 180 days |
| Anaplasmosis | Ruminants | 100 days |
| Tuberculosis | Bovine | 3 months |
| Enzootic bovine leucosis | Bovine | 4 months |
| Hemorrhagic Septicemia (H.S.) | Cattle | 28 days |
| Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis | Bovine | 30 days |
| Swine fever | Swine | 6 weeks |
| Porcine brucellosis | Swine | 30 days |
| Swine Transmissible Gastroenteritis | Swine | 28 days |
| Pox | Sheep, Goat | 30 days |
| Blue Tongue | Sheep | 40 days |
| CCPP | Sheep | 180 days |
| Dourine | Horse | 28 days |
| Glanders | Horse | 28 days |
| Salmonellosis | Pregnant mares | 6 weeks |
| Equine Influenza | Equine | 28 days |
| Japanese Encephalitis | Domestic and wild pig | 28 days |
| Contagious Equine Metritis | Equine | 30 days |
DENTAL FORMULA
| Species | Deciduous or Temporary
2 x [ICPM/ICPM] |
Permanent
2 x [ICPM/ICPM] |
|||
| Horse | 3030 | = 24 | 3133 | = 40 | (Male) |
| 3030 | 3133 | ||||
| 3033 | = 36 | (Female) | |||
| 3033 | |||||
| Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat | 0030 | = 20 | 0033 | = 32 | |
| 4030 | 4033 | ||||
| Cat | 3130 | = 26 | 3131 | = 30 | |
| 3120 | 3121 | ||||
| Dog | 3130 | = 28 | 3142 | = 42 | |
| 3130 | 3143 | ||||
| Pig | 3130 | = 28 | 3143 | = 44 | |
| 3130 | 3143 | ||||
| Camel | 1130 | = 26 | 1133 | = 34 | |
| 3120 | 3123 | ||||
MOUTH GAGS
| Name | Animals |
| Varnell’s gag | Horse |
| Butler’s gag | Horse |
| Haussman’s gag | Horse |
| Probang (Wooden) gag | Cattle |
| Spring gag | Dog |
INFLAMMATION
Sr. Terms Organ/Structure
- Myelitis Spinal cord
- Pachymeningitis Dura mater
- Leptomeningitis Pia mater
- Poliomyelitis Greymater in brain
- Typhilitis Caecum
- Proctitis Rectum
- Oophoritis Ovary
- Salpingitis Oviduct
- Metritis Uterus
- Orchitis Testes
- Posthitis Prepuce
- Balanitis Glans penis
- Gonitis Stifle joint
- Coxitis Hip joint
- Bursitis Bursa over joint
- Acne Sebaceous gland
- Laminitis Laminae of hoof
- Blephritis Eyelid
- Stye or Hordeolum Eyelid hair follicle
- Keratitis Cornea
- Iridocyclitis or Iris and Ciliary body Anterior uveitis
- Phlebitis Veins
- Omphalitis Navel
- Adenitis Gland
- Lymphangitis Lymph vessel
- Rhinitis Nasal mucosa
- Pneumonia Lungs (also Pneumonitis)
- Sialadenitis Salivary glands
- Cholangitis Bile duct
- Cholecystitis Gall bladder
- Ingluvitis Crop (bird)
- Pyelonephritis Pelvis and parenchyma of kidney
- Cystitis Urinary bladder
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
- Hyperorexia Increased appetite
- Polyorexia Increased food intake
- Inappetance Partial absence of appetite
- Anorexia Complete absence of appetite
- Anophagia Decreased food intake
- Allotriophagia Abnormal appetite
- Osteophagia Chewing of bone
- Infantophagia Eating of young
- Coprophagia Eating of feces
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMALL INTESTINE DIARRHEA AND LARGE INTESTINE DIARRHEA
| Characteristics | Small Intestine | Large Intestine |
| Frequency of defecation | No change | Increased |
| Fecal volume | Increased | Decreased |
| Urgency | Absent | Present |
| Tenesmus | Absent | Present |
| Mucus in feces | Absent | Present |
| Blood in feces | Dark black (Malena) | Red (Fresh) |
| Weight loss | May be | Rare |
TYPES OF PLACENTA
| Sr. | Type of Placenta | Gross Shape | Example |
| 1 | Epitheliochorial | Diffuse | Horse, Donkey, Pig |
| 2 | Syndesmochorial | Cotyledonary | Cattle, Sheep, Goat |
| 3 | Endotheliochorial | Zonary or Discoid | Dog, Cat, Ferret |
| 4 | Hemochorial | Zonary or Discoid | Primates |
| 5 | Hemoendothelial | Shperoidal or Discoid | Rat, Rabbit |
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
| Category | Classes | Example |
| Penicillin | Narrow spectrum
(β-lactamase sensitive) |
Penicillin G
Penicillin V |
| Narrow spectrum
(β-lactamase resistant) |
Oxacillin Cloxacillin Flucloxacillin Methicillin
Temocillin |
|
| Broad spectrum
β-lactamase sensitive) |
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin |
|
| Broad spectrum
(β-lactamase resistant) |
Carbenicillin
Ticarcillin Piperacillin |
|
| Potentiated | Amoxicillin-clauvulanate | |
| Cephalopsorins | 1st Generation | Cephalothin
Cephalexin Cefadoxil |
| 2nd Generation | Cefamandole
Cefoxitin Cefuroxime |
|
| 3rd Generation | Ceftriaxone Ceftiofur
Cefotaxime |
| Aminoglycocides | Narrow spectrum | Streptomycin
Dihydrostreptomycin |
| Broad spectrum | Neomycin
Framycetin Kanamycin |
|
| Miscellaneous | Apramycin
Spectinomycin |
|
| Quinolones | Quinolone carboxylic acid | Enrofloxacin Norfloxacin Ciprofloxacin Pefloxacin
Oxolinic acid |
| Naphthyridine C.A. | Enoxin,
Nalidixic acid |
|
| Cinnoline C.A. | Cinoxin | |
| Pyridopyriminine C.A. | Pipemidic acid | |
| Quinolizine C.A. | Flumequine | |
| Sulphonamide and Combination | Standard use SLD | Sulfathiazole Sulfadimidine Sulfamerazine
Sulfadimethoxine |
| SLD for uterine tract
infection |
Sulfoxazole
Sulfisomidine |
|
| SLD for digestive tract | Sulfaguanidine | |
| Potentiated SLD | SLD + Diminopyrimidine
SLD + Pyrimethamine |
|
| Topical SLD | Sulfacetamide
Mafenide, Silver sulfadiazine, Sulfathiazole |
|
| Tetracycline | Natural | Oxytetracycline,
Chlortetracycline, Demethylchlortetracycline |
| Semi synthetic | Tetracycline, Methacycline, Rolitetracycline Minocycline
Doxycycline |
|
| Chloramphenicol | Thiamphenicol, Chlorphenicol
Florphenicol |
|
| Macrolides | 14-membered lactone ring
group |
Erythromycin, Oleandomycin,
Troleandomycin |
| 16-membered lactone ring | Spiramycin, Josamycin,
Tylosin |
|
| Lincosamides | Lincomycin,
Clindamycin |
|
| Miscellanous | Polymixin, Bacitracin, Vancomycin, Novobiocin, Timulin, Rifamycin, Nitrofurans
Nitroimidazoles. |
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
| Class | Example | Spectra |
| Polyene macrolides | Amphotericin B
Nystatin, Pimaricin |
Broad |
| Imidazole | Ketocanazole Itracanazole, Thiabendazole
Fluconazole |
Systemic |
| Flucytosine | Cryptococcal meningitis,
Candidiasis, Aspergillosis |
|
| Griseofulvin | Trichophyton,
Microsporum |
|
| Local/ topical agent | Tincture of iodine, Phenol, KI, CuSO4, Gentian, Violet, Nystatin, Tiacetin,
Polynoxylin, Olamine. |
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
| Name | Spectrum | Example |
| Pyrimidine nucleosides | Herpes simplex | Trifluridine
Idoxuridine |
| Purine nucleosides | Herpes encephalitis s | Vidarabine Acyclovir
Deoxyacyclovir |
| Ribovirin | DNA & RNA virus
Adeno, Herpes, Orthomyxo, Paramyxo, Pox, Picorna, Reovirus |
|
| Azidothymidine | Retro virus (AIDS) | |
| Amentadine | Pseudorabies, Influenza C | |
| Interferone | Wide spectrum |
ANTHELMINTICS
| Class | Example |
| Inhibitors of tubulin polymerization | Benzimidazoles, Probenzimidazole |
| Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation | Salicylanilides |
| Inhibitors of enzymes in glycolytic pathway | Clorsulon |
| Cholinesterase inhibitors | Organo-phosphorus (Coumaphos,
Dichlorvos, Haloxon, Trichlorofon) |
| Cholinergic Agonist | Imidathiazoles (Levamisole, Tetramisole)
Pyrimidines (Morantel, Oxantel, Pyrantel) |
| Muscle hyperpolarization | Piperazine |
| Potentiation of inhibitory transmitters | Macrocycliclactones (Ivermectin,
Doramectin, Milbemycin, Moxidectin) |
PRE-ANAESTHETIC AGENTS
| Type | Example |
| Anticholinergics | Atropine sulphate Hyoscine
Glycopyrrolate |
| Morphine & derivatives | Morphine, Pethidine, Fetanyl,
Etorphine, Pentazocine, Methadone |
| Tranquilizers | Chlorpromazine HCl (Largactil), Triflupromazine HCl (Siquil), Promethazine HCl (Phenergan), Droperidol
Acetylpromazine Xylazine, Detomidine |
| Neurolaptanalgesics | Fentanyl citrate + Droperidol +
Methadone + Acepromazine |
DOSES OF IMPORTANT DRUGS
| Name of Drug | Dog | Horse | Cattle/Buffalo |
| Atropine sulphate | 0.02 mg/kg IM | 40-60 mg IM | — |
| Pentazocine (mg/kg) | — | 0.5-4.0 orally | — |
| Etorphine | 2 µ/kg for wild animals | ||
| Meperidine HCl | 5-10 mg/kg | 1 mg/kg upto 1 gm | 1 mg/kg upto 1 gm |
| Largactil | 0.5-1 mg/kg IM | 0.4 mg/kg IM | 1 mg/kg IM |
| Xylazine | 1-2 mg/kg IM | — | — |
| Ketamine HCl | 10-20 mg/kg IM | — | — |
| Propofol | 6 mg/kg IV | 2 mg/kg IV | — |
| Chloral hydrate | — | 6.5g/50 kg IV | 90-100 mg/kg IV |
EMERGENCY DRUGS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS
| Drug | Antagonist / Antidote |
| Atropine | Physostigmine |
| Morphine | Nalloxone |
| Pentobarbital sodium | Yohimbine |
| Organo-phosphorus compound | PAM |
| 5-OH Tryptamine | Methysergide, LSD, Ergot alkaloid |
| Kallikrien | Aprotonin |
| Angiotensin | Saralosin |
| Heparin | Toluidine Potamine |
| Vitamin K | Coumarine |
| Alcohol | NaHCO3, or Na-citrate |
| Aercoline | Atropine sulphate |
| Aspirin | NaHCO3, Coramine |
| Barbiturate | Amphetamine |
| Barium | MgSO4 |
| Belladona | Tannic acid |
| Benzoic acid | Siquil, Diuretics |
| Bromides | Chlorides |
| Camphor | Siquil, Saline diuretics |
| Castor oil | Lavage, Atropine sulphate |
| Ephedrine | Lavage, Emetics |
| Chloroform | O2, Coramine, Ca-borogluconate |
| Formaldehyde | Lavage, Na-carbonate |
| Digitalis | Lavage, Propranolol, Na2SO4 |
| Coumarine | Vit. K |
| Iron toxicosis | Deferoxamine |
| Inorganic phosphorus | CuSO4 |
|
ANIMAL DISEASES AND THEIR NICKNAMES
Diseases Nickname (Synonym)
| Slavery mouth / Slavers / Rattle Belly | Watery mouth disease (lambs) by E.coli |
| Vincent’s stomatitis or Trenchmouth | Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis |
| Spirocerca lupi infection | Esophageal worm infection |
| Trichiuris infection | Whipworm infection |
| Ancylostoma caninum infection | Hook worm infection |
| Acanthocephalus infection | Thorny headed worm infection |
| Blepheritis | Eyelid inflammation |
| Dacrocystitis | Lacrimal sac inflammation |
| Pink eye | Infectious opthalmia |
| Cushing’s disease | Hyperadrenocorticism |
| Addison’s disease | Hypoadrenocorticism |
| Actinobacillus lignieresii infection | Wooden tongue |
| Actinomyces bovis infection | Lumpy jaw |
| Splenic fever or Charbon or Milzbrand | Anthrax |
| Borreliosis | Lyme disease |
| Bacillary hemoglobinuria | Redwater disease |
| Clostridium chauvoei infection | Black leg disease |
| Clostridium novyi infection | Big head disease |
| Lamziekte | Botulism |
| Pulpy kidney disease | Type D enterotoxemia |
| Akabane disease | Akabane virus infection |
| Hairy shaiker disease | Border disease (Pestivirus) |
| Leptospirosis | Redwater disease of calves |
| Listeriosis or Listerellosis | Circling disease |
| Yersiniosis | Plague |
| Tularemia | Francisella tularemia |
| Swamp fever | Equine infectious anemia |
| Equine typhoid | Equine viral arteritis |
| Glanders | Farcy |
| Swine fever | Hog cholera |
| Glasser’s disease | Infectious polyarthritis |
| Coronaviral encephalomyelitis | Vomiting and washing disease |
| Ondiri disease | Bovine petechial fever |
| Three day sickness | Ephemeral fever |
| Thrombotic meningoencephalitis | Hemophilus sominus disease |
| Cowdriosis | Heartwater disease |
| Snotsiektte | Cattarrhal fever or Gangrenous coryza |
| Johne’s disease | Paratuberculosis |
| Rinderpest | Cattle plague |
| Canine distemper | Hardpad disease |
| Feline distemper | Feline panleucopenia |
DURATION OF ESTRUS AND OPTIMAL BREEDING SEASON
| Species | Cycle type | Cycle
length |
Duration
of estrus |
Optimal breeding time |
| Horse | Seasonally polyestrus
(early spring to summer) |
19-26
days |
6 days | Last few days, should be bred
at 2 days interval |
| Cattle | Polyestrus all year | 21 days | 18 hours | Insemination from midestrus
until 6 hrs after end of estrus |
| Sheep | Seasonally polyestrus
(early fall to winter) |
16.5 days | 24-48
hours |
18-20 hr after onset of estrus |
| Goat | Seasonally polyestrus
(early fall to winter) |
19 days | 2-3 days | Daily during estrus |
| Pig | Polyestrus all year | 21 days | 2-3 days | ~ 24 hrs after onset of estrus |
| Dog | Un-seasonally monoestrus | 3.5-13
months |
2-21
days |
From day 2 of estrus and on
alternate days thereafter until end of estrus |
| Cat | Induces ovulation Seasonally polyestrus
(spring and early fall) |
14-21
days |
6-7 days | Daily from day 2 of estrus |
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR CATTLE/BUFFALO
| Disease | Vaccine | Time for
vaccination |
Dose rate | Route |
| Haemorrhagic
Septicemia (HS) |
HS oil based
vaccine (NIAB) |
Preferably in
May/June |
3 ml (L.A)
2 ml (S.A) |
SC |
| Black Quarter | Polyvalent BQ
vaccine |
March/April | 5 ml | SC |
| Anthrax | Anthrax spore
vaccine |
August | 1 ml SC | SC |
| Rinderpest | Rinderpest
vaccine |
1st injection at 6 mo
& 2nd at 2 yrs of age |
1 ml | SC |
| FMD | FMD (VRI) | February/March and
September/October |
1 ml / 100 kg | SC |
| FMD (Marial) | At start of winter
season |
3 ml (L.A)
2 ml (S.A) |
SC | |
| Rabies | Rabies | Post exposure | 32 ml daily for
14 days |
SC or IM |
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR SHEEP/GOAT
| Disease | Vaccine | Time for vaccination | Dose rate |
| Enterotoxemia | Enterotoxemia | January and July | 2-3 ml |
| Anthrax | Anthrax | February or Rainy
season |
0.5 ml |
| Sheep Pox / Goat
Pox |
Sheep Pox / Goat
Pox |
March and
September |
1 ml S/C or
0.5 ml IM |
| FMD | FMD | February and August | 1-3 ml S/C |
| Pleuro-pneumonia | Pleuro-pneumonia | October/November | 1 ml S/C |
| Rabies | Rabies | Post exposure | 1 ml on 0,3,7,17 28 th days |
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR DOG
| Age | Vaccination |
| 6-8 week | Hexa dog (CD, canine hepatitis, parvovirus,
leptospirosis, parainfluenza) |
| 9-12 week | Booster dose of hexa dog |
| 12 + week | Rabies vaccination |
| 13-16 week | Repeat hexa dog + rabies vaccination |
| Repeat it annually | |
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR CAT
| Age | Vaccination |
| 8 week | Falovac® (Feline rhinotrachitis, feline
panleukopenia, feline calcivirus) |
| 12 week | Repeat Falovac® |
| 16 week | Rabies + booster of Falovac® |
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR POULTRY
- LAYERS
| Vaccine | Age | Route of Administration |
| Marek’s disease | 1 day | Intransal/ Intra ocular |
| Ranikhet disease (F-strain) | 4-10 days | Intra ocular / Intra nasal |
| Gumboro disease | 18-21 days | Intra ocular / Drinking water |
| Infectious bronchitis | 24-48 days | Intra ocular / Drinking water |
| Ranikhet disease (Booster) | 5 – 6 weeks | Intra ocular/ Drinking water |
| Ranikhet (R2B strain) | 8-9 weeks | Subcutaneous |
| Fowl pox | 10-11 weeks | Scratching |
| Infectious bronchitis (booster) | 14-16 weeks | Intra ocular / Drinking water |
| Fowl pox (Booster) | 16-17 weeks | Scratching / Intramuscular |
| Ranikhet disease (Killed) | 18-19 weeks | Intramuscular / Subcutaneous |
| Ranikhet and Bronchitis
(Combined vaccine) |
40 wks & above | Drinking water |
| Gumboro disease | 45-50 weeks | Intramuscular / Subcutaneous |
- BROILER
| Vaccine | Age | Route of administration |
| Marek’s disease | 1 day | Subcutaneous |
| Ranikhet disease (F-strain) | 4-10 days | Intra ocular / Intra nasal |
| Gumboro disease | 18-21 days | Intra ocular / Drinking water |
| Poisons | Source of
Poisons |
Important signs | Treatment |
- Inorganic and Organic Chemicals
| Acids | — | — | ● Do not use stomach tube
or emetics ● Neutralize acid using chalk, magnesium carbonate, solution of sodium bicarb., lime water, oils. ● For oxalic acid, use calcium preparations, chalk and lime water. |
| Alkalis | — | — | Dilute via acids (vinegar), demulcents, eggs, milk,
linseed or castor oil. |
| Antihistamines | — | — | Artificial respiration, respiratory and CNS stimulant; if convulsions, use small doses of barbiturates (IV). Animal should be kept
in dark room. |
| Aspirin | — | — | Emetics, respiratory
stimulants and artificial respiration. |
| Barbiturates | — | — | Emetics, artificial respiration, nikethamide
(coramine), strychnine. |
| Carbon monoxide | Coal gas | Difficult respiration, coma, pale mucous membrane and cherry red colored
blood. |
● Nikethamide as respiratory
analeptic. ● Oxygen containing 5% carbon dioxide. |
| Copper | ● Administration
of large doses of |
Acute cases: there
is vomiting in dog |
● Symptomatic treatment for
shock and gastro-intestinal |
| copper sulphate,
● Contamination of drinking water or pasture top dressed with copper containing products. |
(vomitus contain much mucous and green to blue colour), abdominal pain, diarrhea, collapse and death within 20 hrs.
Chronic cases: Hemoglobinuria and jaundice. |
sedatives
● In affected lambs 100 mg ammonium molybdate and 1 gm sodium sulphate orally for 3 to 5 days. |
|
| Cyanides (Hydrocyanic Acid) | ● During summer drought immature sorghum is eaten by cattle.
● Eaten the material which is high in cyanide content. |
Depression, staggering gait, muscle tremors, opisthotonus and dyspnoea.
There may be hyper aesthesia, dilation of pupil, and bloat in recumbency. |
● Sheep: 1 gm sodium nitrate and 2.5 gm sodium thiosulphate in 50 ml water IV.
● Cattle: 3 gm sodium nitrate and 15 gm sodium thiosulphate in 200 ml water IV alongwith 30 gm sodium thiosulphate orally at hourly interval. Other treatment includes respiratory stimulants and artificial respiration. |
| Fluorine | ● Ingestion of pasture contaminated with fluorine (top dressing) with phosphate limestone or feeding of phosphate rock supplements).
● Drinking of water from deep wells. |
Acute: Gastroenteritis, vomiting, dyspnoea. Muscle tremor, pupilary dilation and hyper aesthesia.
Chronic: Dental lesions, lameness and stiffness with painful gait, pain is evinced on pressure over limb bones. |
● Aluminium sulphate: 20 gm orally daily for prevention of chronic fluorosis and larger dose for treatment.
● Calcium salt intravenously. |
| Nitrate and Nitrites | ● Fertilizers
contain nitrates. ● Plant raised on high nitrogenous manures. ● Accidental poisoning with sodium or potassium nitrate. |
Salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting.
Dyspnoea, muscle tremors, staggering gait, cyanosis and convulsions. |
Methylene blue 1-2mg/kg body weight IV as 1% solution.
Treatment should be repeated when large amount of toxic material has been ingested. |
| Strychnine/ Nuxvomica | Accidental over dosing with strychnine preparations.
Used for killing |
Reflex excitement, titanic convulsions, opisthotonus and protrusion of eye
balls, Death due to |
● Sedation of animal with chlorpromazine hydrochloride or chloral hydrate or barbiturates.
● Tannic acid orally to |
| animals with bad
intentions. |
respiratory arrest. | precipitate the alkaloid. | |
| Sodium chloride | Drinking of saline water | Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, blindness | Toxic feed and water must be removed immediately. Symptomatic treatment such as gastro-intestinal sedatives and isotonic fluid should be
given. |
| Urea | ● Accidental
intake of urea. ● Feeding of large quantity of urea in feed (feed additive as a cheap protein) |
Severe abdominal pain, muscle tremor, incoordination, dyspnoea, bloat and violent struggling
and bellowing |
● Oral administration of weak acid such as vinegar or 5% acetic acid.
● Parenteral administration of calcium and magnesium salts. |
- Anthelmintic Poisoning
| Carbon tetra- chloride | Accidental administration into respiratory tract or oral administration of massive dose | Immediate effects are staggering, falling, collapse, convulsions and death due to respiratory failure. If animal survive, there is depression, muscular, weakness, diarrhea and
jaundice. |
● Artificial respiration and
respiratory centre stimulants. ● Supportive treatment for hepatitis. ● Parenteral administration of calcium solution and glucose solution. |
|
| Phenothiazine | Accidental over dosing in animals | ● Photosensitization, keratitis, (accumulation of phenothiazine sulphoxide in aqueous humor of eye and produce white opacity of the cornea due to sunrays).
● Hemolytic anemia ● Abortion, ataxia and paralytic |
● Affected animal should be
kept in dark place. ● Antiseptic eye ointment and 500,000 IU vitamin A orally for prevention of eye infection. ● Blood transfusion and fluid therapy |
|
| Hexachlorethane | Accidental over dosing for the treatment of fascioliasis | Ataxia, dullness, abdominal pain and diarrhea, in severe cases the signs are identical of milk
fever. |
● Administration of Calcium
borogluconate |
|
| C. Insecticides Ingestion | ||||
| Chlorinated | ● Accidental | Increased | ● Saline purgative and | |
| hydrocarbons
(such as D.D.T., B.H.C., heptachlor, chlordane) |
intake ● Spray of dipping to control the ectoparasite.
● Consumption of the treated seed by animals. |
excitability and irritability, muscular tremor, weakness, paralysis and convulsions. | activated charcoal (about 5 lbs). Avoid oily purgative.
● Sodium phenobarbital 5 gm per day. ● Atropine sulphate (0.05 mg/kg) IM. ● Calcium salt parenterally. |
| Organophosphate (such as malathione etc.) | ● Accidental
intake ● Spray on the pasture, orchards etc ● Spray/dipping of the animal |
Chronic: Salivation, dyspnoea, diarrhea, stiffness of muscle. Acute: Profuse salivation, protrusion of tongue, bloat,
collapse and death. |
● Atropine sulphate (double dose) 0.25 mg/kg b.wt. 1/3rd IV and remaining IM
● Saline purgative ● Fluid therapy ● Chloral hydrate or phenobarbitone inj |
| D. Poisonous Plants | |||
| Aflatoxicosis (toxin of aspergillus spp.) | Intake of contaminated groundnuts and sorghum grain and corn etc. | Hepatic insufficiency, blindness, walking in circles, frequent falling, teeth grinding, diarrhea with blood and mucus, severe tenesmus, finally convulsion and abortion in
pregnant animals. |
● Symptomatic treatment.
● Infected grain, if given to the animal should be treated with ammonia. |
| Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilina) | Ingestion of bracken fern | Loss of condition, dryness and slackness of the skin, high fever, drooling of saliva, bleeding from the nose, eyes and vagina.
Hematuria, petechial haemorrhage on udder mucosa and skin. Edema of throat region and dyspnoea. |
● Butyl alcohol (bone marrow stimulant) 1.0 gm in combination with antibiotics IV or SC.
Thiamine hydrochloride. |
| Ergot (Claviceps purpurea – Ergot of rye) | Ingestion of fodder and grain infested with
ergot |
Chronic: Dry gangrene of the extremities of
limbs, tail and ear. |
No treatment Except:
● Infested grain should be with drawn ● Vasodilator drugs be used |
| Lameness, and recumbency. Acute: Convulsions, staggering and tendency to fall. Intermittent blindness, paralysis
and coma. |
|||
| Lantana
(Lantana camara) |
Feeding of the plant | Sever constipation in early stages, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, weakness, photosensitization
and jaundice. |
● Keep the animal in dark
place. ● Purgative ● Glucose saline and liver tonic |
| Oak (Quercus spp) | Feeding the oak plants | Ventral edema, polyuria, abdominal pain and constipation followed by the passage of feces containing mucus
and blood. |
● Calcium hydroxide (15% of the ration) is an effective antidote.
● Liquid paraffin with milk |
| Sweet Clover
(Melilotus spp.) |
Ingestion of mouldy sweet clover hay which contains dicoumaral). | Extensive hemorrhage in subcutaneous tissue, muscles, anemia and increased clotting
time. |
● Stop feeding of damaged hay.
● Vitamin K, 2000 mg IV |
| E. Plant byproduct Poisoning | |||
| Soybean Meal | When it is prepared by
trichloroethylene extraction |
Aplastic anemia, leucopenia and
damage to vascular endothelium |
As in the Bracken fern poisoning |
| Linseed Cake | It contains high content of “cyanide”. | ● Same as in
cyanide poisoning. ● High incidence of goiter in newborn lamb, if ewe fed large quantity of cake during pregnancy. |
Cake can be detoxificated by soaking and then boiling for 10 minute to eliminate the hydrocyanic acid. |
| Cottonseed Cake | It contains phenolic substances | Damage to the myocardium and liver | Cooking of the cake or addition of 1% calcium hydroxide or 0.1% ferrous
sulphate for detoxication. |
Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN
